1、Designation: D 3977 97 (Reapproved 2007)Standard Test Methods forDetermining Sediment Concentration in Water Samples1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 3977; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the ye
2、ar of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 These test methods cover the determination of sedimentconcentrations in water and wastewater samples collected
3、fromlakes, reservoirs, ponds, streams, and other water bodies. Inlakes and other quiescent-water bodies, concentrations ofsediment in samples are nearly equal to concentrations atsampling points; in most instances, sample concentrations arenot strongly influenced by collection techniques. In rivers
4、andother flowing-water bodies, concentrations of sediment insamples depend upon the manner in which the samples arecollected. Concentrations in isokinetically-collected samplescan be multiplied by water discharges to obtain sedimentdischarges in the vicinity of the sampling points.1.2 The procedures
5、 given in these test methods are used bytheAgricultural Research Service, Geological Survey, NationalResources Conservation Service, Bureau of Reclamation, andother agencies responsible for studying water bodies. Thesetest methods are adapted from a laboratory-procedure manual2and a quality-assuranc
6、e plan.31.3 These test methods include:SectionsTest Method AEvaporation 8 to 13Test Method BFiltration 14 to 19Test Method CWet-sieving-filtration 20 to 251.4 Test Method A can be used only on sediments that settlewithin the allotted storage time of the samples which usuallyranges from a few days to
7、 a few weeks. A correction factormust be applied if dissolved-solids concentration exceedsabout 10 % of the sediment concentration.1.5 Test Method B can be used only on samples containingsand concentrations less than about 10 000 ppm and clayconcentrations less than about 200 ppm. The sediment need
8、notbe settleable because filters are used to separate water from thesediment. Correction factors for dissolved solids are notrequired.1.6 Test Method C can be used if two concentration valuesare required: one for sand-size particles and one for thecombination of silt and clay-size particles. The sil
9、t-clay frac-tion need not be settleable.1.7 These test methods must not be confused with turbiditymeasurements discussed in Test Method D 1889. Turbidity isthe optical property of a sample that causes light rays to bescattered and absorbed; it is not an accurate measure of themass or concentration o
10、f sediment in the sample.1.8 These test methods contain some procedures similar tothose in Test Methods D 1888 which pertains to measuringparticulate and dissolved matter in water.1.9 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is therespo
11、nsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:4D 1129 Terminology Relating to WaterD 1193 Specification for Reagent WaterD 1888 Test Method
12、s for Particulate and Dissolved Matterin Water5D 1889 Test Method for Turbidity of Water5D 2777 Practice for Determination of Precision and Bias ofApplicable Test Methods of Committee D19 on WaterD 4410 Terminology for Fluvial SedimentD 4411 Guide for Sampling Fluvial Sediment in MotionE11 Specifica
13、tion for Wire Cloth and Sieves for TestingPurposes1These test methods are under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D19 onWater and are the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D19.07 on Sediments,Geomorphology, and Open-Channel Flow.Current edition approved June 15, 2007. Published July 2007. Origi
14、nallyapproved in 1980. Last previous edition approved in 2002 as D 3977 97 (2002).2Guy, H. P., “Laboratory Theory and Methods for Sediment Analysis,” Tech-niques of Water Resources Investigations, U.S. Geological Survey, Book 5, ChapterC1, 1941.3Matthes, W. J., Jr., Sholar, C., J., and George, J. R.
15、,“ Quality-Assurance Plan forthe Analysis of Fluvial Sediment,” U.S. Geological Survey Open File Report 90,1990.4For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the
16、standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.5Withdrawn.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.3. Terminology3.1 DefinitionsFor definitions of water-related terms usedin these test methods refer to Terminologies D 1129
17、 andD 4410.3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.2.1 dissolved solidssoluble constituents in water. Thequantity is determined by evaporating a water sample to visibledryness at a temperature slightly below boiling. The tempera-ture is then raised to 105C and held for about 2 h. This i
18、sfollowed by cooling in a desiccator and weighing the residue.3.2.2 fluvial sedimentparticles that are (a) derived fromrocks or biological materials and (b) transported by flowingwater.3.2.3 sediment concentration(a) the ratio of the mass ofdry sediment in a water-sediment mixture to the mass of the
19、mixture or (b) the ratio of the mass of dry sediment in awater-sediment mixture to the volume of the mixture. Asindicated by Table 1, the two ratios differ except at concentra-tions less than 8000 mg/L.3.2.4 supernateclear, overlying liquid in a sedimentsample.3.2.5 suspended sedimentsediment suppor
20、ted by turbu-lent currents in flowing water or by Brownian movement.3.2.6 tareweights of empty containers used in analysisprocedure.4. Significance and Use4.1 Suspended-sediment samples contain particles with awide variety of physical characteristics. By presenting alternateapproaches, these test me
21、thods allow latitude in selectinganalysis methods that work best with the particular samplesunder study.4.2 Sediment-concentration data are used for many pur-poses that include: (1) computing suspended-sediment dis-charges of streams or sediment yields of watersheds, (2)scheduling treatments of indu
22、strial and domestic water sup-plies, and (3) estimating discharges of pesticides, plant nutri-ents, and heavy metals transported on surfaces or insidesediment particles.5. Reagents and Materials5.1 Purity of WaterUnless otherwise indicated, referencesto water shall be understood to mean reagent wate
23、r as definedby Type III of Specification D 1193.5.1.1 Requirements can usually be met by passing tap waterthrough a mixed cation-anion exchange resin or by distillation.6. Sampling6.1 Flows and concentrations in river cross sections areusually unsteady; consequently, in a strict sense, samplesrepres
24、ent conditions only at the time and location of samplecollection.6.2 A sample may consist of a single container of awater-sediment mixtures collected at (1) a specific point in ariver cross section, (2) a specific vertical in a cross section (adepth-integrated sample), or (3) several verticals in a
25、cross-section. If the verticals are equally spaced and the sample iscollected at equal transit rates, it is referred to as an EWIsample. The acronym EWI (equal-width-increment) is synony-mous with ETR (equal-transit-rate) which appears in manyolder reports. A sample may also consist of several conta
26、inersfilled at different points or verticals in a cross-section. If thecontainers are filled at centroids of equal discharge in a crosssection, they are referred to as EDI samples. Details onsampling are given in Guide D 4411.7. Sample Handling7.1 When samples arrive at the laboratory, group themacc
27、ording to gaging stations and then arrange each group inchronological order according to times of sample collection.Separate the samples to be analyzed for concentration fromthose to be analyzed for particle-size distribution or otherproperties. A data sheet should then be completed for eachconcentr
28、ation sample. Examples of three commonly usedforms are shown on Fig. 1. Expanded notes can be written onthe front of the forms in spaces reserved for other bottles or, ifeven more space is needed, remarks can be written on the backof the forms along with reference numbers keyed to theappropriate bot
29、tles.7.2 Check each sample for: (1) loss of water caused byleakage or evaporation, (2) loss of sediment which is some-times revealed by the presence of particles on the outside of thesample bottle, (3) accuracy of sample-identification notes, and(4) a container tare which is usually etched on the bo
30、ttle. Enterall appropriate notes, observations, and data on the laboratoryform. Be particularly careful to enter the etched tare reading onthe form under the heading Weight of SampleTare.7.3 Remove the bottle caps then weigh each container alongwith its water-sediment mixture to the nearest 0.5 g. R
31、ecordeach reading on the corresponding bottle and on the laboratoryform under the heading Weight of SampleGross.7.4 Replace the caps then store the samples in a cool, darkplace to minimize microbiological and algal growth. Inspectthe bottles frequently; if the sediment does not settle withinTABLE 1
32、Factors for Conversion of Sediment Concentration inParts per Million (ppm) to Grams per Cubic Metre (g/m3)AorMilligrams per Litre (mg/L)Range ofConcentration,1000 ppmMultiplyByRange ofConcentration,1000 ppmMultiplyByRange ofConcentration,1000 ppmMultiplyBy07.95 1.00 153165 1.11 362380 1.308.023.7 1.
33、01 166178 1.12 381398 1.3223.839.1 1.02 179191 1.13 399416 1.3439.254.3 1.03 192209 1.14 417434 1.3654.469.2 1.04 210233 1.16 435451 1.3869.383.7 1.05 234256 1.18 452467 1.4083.897.9 1.06 257278 1.20 468483 1.4298.0111 1.07 279300 1.22 484498 1.44112125 1.08 301321 1.24 499513 1.46126139 1.09 322341
34、 1.26 514528 1.48140152 1.10 342361 1.28 529542 1.50ABased on water density of 1.000 g/mL and specific gravity of sediment of 2.65.The following equation also applies:C15 C / 1.0 C 622 3 109!where:C1= sediment concentration, mg/L, andC = sediment concentration, ppm.D 3977 97 (2007)2about 14 days, us
35、e Test Method B (filtration procedure) for theanalysis. If settling proceeds at an acceptably rapid rate, useTest Methods A, B, or C.TEST METHOD AEVAPORATION8. Scope8.1 This test method can be used only with sediments thatsettle under the influence of gravity. This test method isapplicable to sample
36、s ranging from 0.2 to 20 L in volume, from5 to 550 000 mg/L in sediment concentration, and having lessthan 35 000 mg/L in dissolved-solid concentration.9. Summary of Test Method9.1 After the sediment has settled, most of the supernatantwater is poured or siphoned away. The volume of water-sediment m
37、ixture remaining is measured so that a dissolved-solids correction can be applied later. The sediment is thendried and weighed. Sediment concentration is calculated inaccordance with Section 12.10. Apparatus10.1 Evaporating Dishes or BeakersPreweighed contain-ers of porcelain or glass with capacitie
38、s of about 150 mL areneeded for holding the sediment and water during drying.10.2 Vacuum System, trapped to prevent sample carry-overto the vacuum source during removal of supernate.10.3 Drying Oven, equipped with a 90 to 120C thermostatis needed to control temperatures while evaporating water fromt
39、he sediment. A gravity-convection type oven is preferred but amechanically ventilated (forced draft) style can be used ifair-flow rates are low.10.4 Desiccator, for preventing air-borne moisture fromcollecting in the sediment specimens while they are cooling.10.5 Laboratory Balance, top-loading type
40、 with a resolutionof 0.0001 g and a capacity of 150 g is needed for weighing thedry sediments.10.6 Laboratory Balance, top-loading type with a resolutionof 0.1 g and a capacity of about 4000 g is needed for weighingsample bottles containing water and sediment.11. Procedure11.1 After the sediment has
41、 settled, decant or vacuum awayas much supernate as possible without disturbing the sediment.This can be accomplished by connecting a J-shaped plastic,copper, or glass tube to the vacuum line and lowering the tubeuntil the curved section is near the bottom of the sample bottle.Supernate enters the u
42、pward-facing end of the tube and therebyflows away without creating currents and eddies in the sedi-ment layer. Save the supernate for a dissolved-solids correctionfactor to be determined later.11.2 After decanting, about 40 to 70 mL of water-sedimentmixture should be left. To determine the exact vo
43、lume, placethe sample bottle on a level support then mark the liquidFIG. 1 Alternate Forms for Recording Field and Laboratory Data for Sediment SamplesD 3977 97 (2007)3surface an the outside of the bottle. Use water to wash all of thesediment and supernate into an evaporating dish, then refill thesa
44、mple bottle to the mark with water from a small graduate.Record the volume added to the sample bottle on the sample-data form.11.3 Place the evaporating dish in the oven with thetemperature set slightly below boiling. Maintain this tempera-ture until all visible traces of water have evaporated. Then
45、 raiseand hold the temperature at 105C for about 2 h.11.4 Transfer the dish from the oven to the desiccator; allowthe sediment to cool to room temperature.11.5 Weigh the dish to the nearest 0.0001 g as quickly anpossible to minimize absorption of moisture from the air.Record the weight of the dish a
46、nd its contents and also the tareweight of the dish on the laboratory form. Subtract the tarefrom the gross, then record the net weight on the form.11.6 For nearly all sediment samples, a single drying cycleis sufficient to obtain stable weight; however, a few samples,principally those containing hi
47、gh concentrations of organicmaterials, may have to be dried a second time. If weight shiftsoccur, the specimens should be dried and weighed a third timeto verify that the weights are stable.11.7 Determine the dissolved-solids correction factor byusing a volumetric pipet to transfer an aliquot (measu
48、redvolume) of supernate into an evaporating dish. Record thealiquot volume in millilitres on the laboratory form.11.8 Set the oven temperature slightly below the boilingpoint of water and evaporate the supernate to visible dryness.Then raise and maintain the oven temperature at 105C for atleast 2 h.
49、 After this, cool the dish in a desiccator. Then weighthe dish and its contents to the nearest 0.0001 g. Record thisgross weight and also the tare weight of the dish on the form.Subtract the tare from the gross and record the net weight ofdissolved solids in grams.12. Calculation12.1 Determine the dissolved-solids correction according toEq 1:DSc 5 DS/Va! 3 Vs(1)where:DSc = dissolved-solids correction, g,DS = net weight of dissolved solids determined in 11.7,g,Va = aliquot volume taken for dissolved solids in 11.7,mL, andVs =
