1、Designation: D 3981 03Standard Specification forPolyethylene Films Made from Medium-Density Polyethylenefor General Use and Packaging Applications1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 3981; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, i
2、n the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope*1.1 This specification covers unpigmented, unsupported,sheet or tubular, medium-dens
3、ity polyethylene films (here-afterreferred to as film or films) from resins having densities in therange from 926.0 to 938.0 kg/m3(0.926 to 0.938 g/cm3),inclusive, as measured on molded plaques.1.2 This specification is applicable to homopolymer poly-ethylene but is not restricted to it.1.3 This spe
4、cification is also applicable to films made fromcopolymer polyethylene commonly referred to in industry aslow-pressure polyethylene.1.4 This specification is also applicable to films made fromblends of homopolymers and copolymers, including ethylene/vinyl-acetate copolymers.1.5 This specification al
5、lows for the use of recycled poly-ethylene film or resin as feedstock, in whole or in part, as longas all the requirements of this specification are met and as longas any specific requirements as governed by the producer andend user are also met (see Note 1).NOTE 1Guide D 5033 contains terminology a
6、nd definitions relatingto recycled plastics.1.6 Special care must be exercised if this specification isapplied to colored or pigmented films. This specification doesnot address specific problems associated with coloring, such as,quantity and quality of pigment dispersion, optical properties,and incr
7、ease in density. These and other areas must be takeninto account by mutual agreement between the supplier and thepurchaser.1.7 The thickness of the films covered by this specificationrange from 25 to 100 m 0.001 to 0.004 in., inclusive. Themaximum width of the sheet or lay-flat is 3.05 m 120 in.1.8
8、This specification does not cover oriented heat-shrinkable films.1.9 This specification defines the levels of various physicalproperties from which specifications for specific films are to bedescribed. The levels of physical properties required by a filmfor a given application are selected from Sect
9、ion 6 and thecorresponding tables. However, Sections 7.2-7.5 relating totolerances shall apply without change to all film falling withinthe scope indicated by the title and 1.1-1.4.1.10 This specification covers dimensional tolerances, clas-sification, intrinsic quality requirements, and test method
10、s. Thedimensional tolerances include thickness, width, and length oryield. Classification defines types, classes, surfaces, and fin-ishes. The intrinsic quality requirements include density, work-manship, impact strength, tensile strength, heat sealability, andodor, as well as the classification pro
11、perties for stiffness,coefficient of friction, optical properties, and surface treatment.A sampling method is included.1.11 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded asstandard. The values in brackets are given for information only.1.12 The following precautionary caveat pertains only to thet
12、est methods portion, Section 10, of this specification: Thisstandard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns,if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the userof this standard to establish appropriate safety and healthpractices and determine the applicability of reg
13、ulatory limita-tions prior to use.NOTE 2There is no known ISO equivalent to this standard.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:D 374 Test Methods for Thickness of Solid Electrical Insu-lation2D 618 Practice for Conditioning Plastics for Testing3D 882 Test Methods for Tensile Properties of Thin
14、PlasticSheeting3D 883 Terminology Relating to Plastics3D 1003 Test Method for Haze and Luminous Transmittanceof Transparent Plastics3D 1505 Test Method for Density of Plastics by the Density-Gradient Technique3D 1709 Test Methods for Impact Resistance of Plastic Filmby the Free Falling Dart Method3D
15、 1894 Test Method for Static and Kinetic Coefficients of1This specification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D20 onPlastics and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D20.19 on Film andSheeting.Current edition approved March 10, 2003. Published May 2003. Originallyapproved in 1981.
16、Last previous edition approved in 1995 as D 3981 95.2Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 10.01.3Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 08.01.1*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-295
17、9, United States.Friction of Plastic Film and Sheeting3D 1898 Practice for Sampling of Plastics4D 2103 Specification for Polyethylene Film and Sheeting3D 2457 Test Method for Specular Gloss of Plastics Filmsand Solid Plastics5D 2578 Test Method for Wetting Tension of Polyethyleneand Polypropylene Fi
18、lms5D 4321 Test Method for Package Yield of Plastic Film5D 4703 Practice for Compression Molding ThermoplasticMaterials into Test Specimens, Plaques, or Sheets6D 5033 Guide for the Development of ASTM StandardsRelating to Recycling and Use of Recycled Plastics6E 462 Test Method for Odor and Taste Tr
19、ansfer fromPackaging Film7F 88 Test Methods for Seal Strength of Flexible BarrierMaterials8NOTE 3Relevant government regulations also apply to this specifica-tion.NOTE 4If this product is intended for packaging foods, medicines,drugs, and cosmetics it is subject to applicable regulations of the Food
20、 andDrug Administration or the Department of Agriculture and must complywith such regulations. If it is necessary to comply with regulations of othergovernment agencies, such as the Consumer Product Safety Commission,Environmental Protection Agency, Department of Transportation, FederalTrade Commiss
21、ion, etc., such compliance shall be arranged between thepurchaser and the seller prior to placing an order.3. Terminology3.1 Unless otherwise indicated the terminology used in thisspecification is in accordance with definitions given in Termi-nology D 883.4. Classification4.1 The medium-density film
22、 is, by this specification, clas-sified by Types: 0, 1, 2, and 3; Surfaces: 0, 1, 2, and 3; Classes:0, 1, 2, and 3; and Finishes: 1, 2, 3, and 4. These classificationsare described in detail in 6.1.5. Materials5.1 The film shall be made from a homopolymer polyeth-ylene, copolymer polyethylene (see N
23、ote 5), or blends ofhomopolymers or copolymers, or both, so that it meets thedensity and other film requirements listed herein.NOTE 5From a polyethylene, polyethylene plastic, or an ethyleneplastic as defined in Terminology D 883.5.2 The film shall be made from resins having a densitybetween 926.0 a
24、nd 938.0 kg/m30.926 and 0.938 g/cm3,inclusive.5.3 The film shall be natural in color (essentially colorless)unless a color has been agreed upon between the supplier andthe purchaser. If colored, the quality and uniformity of coloringshall be by agreement between the supplier and the purchaser.Also,
25、if added colorants or pigments are used in an amountsuch that some film properties are affected, this shall be takeninto account by mutual agreement between the supplier and thepurchaser.6. Physical Requirements6.1 Classification Properties:6.1.1 TypeThe 1 % secant modulus for all thicknesses offilm
26、 shall be as specified in Table 1 for Types 0, 1, 2, and 3.6.1.2 SurfaceThe kinetic coefficient of friction shall be asspecified in Table 2 for Surfaces 0, 1, 2, and 3.6.1.3 ClassThe optical properties shall be as specified inTable 3 of Classes 0, 1, 2, and 3. The three optical propertiesof clarity,
27、 gloss, and haze do not always correlate. Theparticular property of most importance for the specific appli-cation shall be established and the value for this property shallthen govern, in case of any inconsistency.6.1.4 FinishThe surface treatment level of the film shallbe as specified in Table 4 fo
28、r Finishes 1, 2, 3, and 4.6.2 Other Physical Properties:6.2.1 Impact ResistanceImpact resistance of the film shallbe established by mutual agreement between the supplier andthe purchaser if this property is required.NOTE 6Dart-impact resistance of medium-density polyethylene filmscan be substantiall
29、y less than that of low-density polyethylene films.6.2.2 Tensile PropertiesThe tensile strength and elonga-tion at break for all thicknesses shall be as specified in Table 5.6.2.3 Heat SealabilityThe minimum ratio of heat-sealstrength to the film strength in the two principal directions shallbe as s
30、pecified in Table 6.6.2.4 OdorThe odor level of the film shall average nomore than a 3.5 rating level.7. Dimensions7.1 SizeThe nominal thickness, width, length per roll orroll diameter, and yield of the film shall be established bymutual agreement between the purchaser and the supplier.7.2 Thickness
31、 ToleranceThe average thickness and thethickness variation across the film shall be within the toler-ances given in Table 7.7.3 Width ToleranceThe width shall be within the toler-ances given in Table 8.7.4 Yield ToleranceThe deviation of the actual yield fromnominal yield shall be within the toleran
32、ces given in Table 9.7.5 FlatnessThe flatness of the film shall be within limitsas mutually agreed upon between the purchaser and thesupplier.8. Workmanship, Finish, and Appearance8.1 FilmThe film shall have workmanship qualities con-forming to good commercial practice. The quality of film withregar
33、d to gels, streaks, pinholes, particles of foreign matter,4Discontinued; see 1997 Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 08.01.5Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 08.02.6Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 08.03.7Discontinued; see 1998 Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 15.08.8Annual Book of ASTM Standar
34、ds, Vol 15.09.TABLE 1 Classification for TypeType 1 % Secant Modulus, MPa psi0 170 25 000 or less1 170 to 240 25 000 to 35 0002 240 to 345 35 000 to 50 0003 345 50 000D3981032undispersed raw materials, holes, tears, and blisters shall bemutually established between the purchaser and the supplier.8.2
35、 Roll Formation:8.2.1 The diameter of cores upon which film is wound shallbe established by mutual agreement between the purchaser andthe supplier. Cores upon which film is wound must not berecessed at either edge of the roll and shall not extend morethan6mm14 in. beyond either edge of the roll.8.2.
36、2 Ridges and soft spots that result in bagginess andlooseness of the unwound film are grounds for rejection by thepurchaser on a roll-to-roll basis if the conditions contribute topoor performance of the film and end-use application.8.2.3 The edges of the roll must be free of nicks and cuts,and the g
37、eneral condition of roll edges must not interfere withthe unwinding of the rolls.8.2.4 The type and number of splices and flaggings ofsplices or breaks (if unspliced) in rolls of more than one pieceshall be established by mutual agreement between the supplierand the purchaser.9. Sampling9.1 Statisti
38、cally based sampling plans that are appropriatefor each particular product or quantity shall be used to obtainsamples for use in determining compliance with this specifi-cation. Refer to Practice D 1898 for guidance.9.2 For the purposes of developing supplier or purchaserspecifications a lot size ge
39、nerally refers to the number of rollsin a lot. Sampling units are those rolls selected by randomnumbers from the lot. A unit sample is the sample of film takenfrom the roll. Take care in taking unit samples. Unwind anddiscard several turns from the roll and then take more thanenough sample to run al
40、l specified tests. Do not allow thesample to become soiled. Ensure that the sample is not foldedor creased excessively.10. Test Methods10.1 ConditioningCondition the samples or test speci-mens, or both, to 23 6 2C 73.4 6 3.6F before testing. Incases of disagreement, condition the test specimen for n
41、ot lessthan 40 h prior to test, in accordance with Procedure A ofPractice D 618 for those tests where conditioning is required.10.2 Test ConditionsConduct tests at the standard labora-tory temperature of 23 6 2C 73.4 6 3.6F. Close humiditycontrol is unnecessary for polyethylene film tests.10.3 Width
42、Measure the width with a metal rule capable ofmeasuring to an accuracy of 61mmor116 in.10.4 ThicknessMeasure the thickness in accordance withTest Method D 374 using Method A, B, C, or D, as appropriate,for the specimen thickness. The specimen shall be taken as a50-mm 2-in. strip across the web and m
43、easured at intervals ofnot more than 50 mm 2 in.10.5 YieldMeasure by Test Method D 4321.10.6 FlatnessMeasure the flatness using a method mutu-ally agreed upon between the purchaser and the seller.10.7 DensityThe density of resins from which the film ismade shall be measured in accordance with Test M
44、ethodD 1505. Density specimens shall be prepared according toPractice D 4703, Annex A1, Procedure C.10.8 StiffnessMeasure the secant modulus in accordancewith Test Methods D 882 at the 1 % strain point of thespecimen.10.9 Coeffcient of FrictionMeasure the kinetic coefficientof friction in accordance
45、 with Test Method D 1894.10.10 Optical Properties:10.10.1 ClarityDetermine the clarity of the film by visualor instrumented means, as agreed upon between the purchaserand the supplier.10.10.2 GlossMeasure the gloss of the film in accordancewith Method D 2457, using a 45 gloss head.10.10.3 HazeMeasur
46、e the haze in accordance with TestMethod D 1003.10.11 Wetting TensionMeasure the finish of the film bywetting tension, in accordance with Test Method D 2578.TABLE 2 Classification for SurfaceSurface Coefficient of Friction0 greater than 0.71 0.4 to 0.72 0.2 to 0.43 0.2 or lessTABLE 3 Classification
47、for ClassClass ClarityAGloss Units Haze %0 30 or less greater than 251 low 30 to 50 10 to 252 moderate 50 to 70 5 to 103 high greater than 70 0 to 5AAs yet undefined but refers to degree of see-through visual acuity.TABLE 4 Classification for FinishFinish Wetting Tension, dynes/cm1 32, 33, 342 35, 3
48、6, 373 38, 39, 404 41 and overTABLE 5 Tensile PropertiesProperty Units Machine DirectionTransverseDirectionMinimum tensilestrengthMPa psi 14.1 2000 10.5 1500Minimumelongation% 100 300TABLE 6 Heat SealabilityFinish of Contact SurfacesAMinimum Ratio of Heat SealStrengthsB2 to 2 0.601 to 2 0.601 to 1 0
49、.75AHeat sealability is not applicable to films with finish greater than 2.BThe ratio is:average stress force/unit width! for seal breakaverage stress force/unit width! for film breakin the same film orientation.Care shall be taken that the film samples for the ratio measurement arerepresentative of each other.D398103310.12 Impact ResistanceMeasure the dart impact resis-tance in accordance with Test Methods D 1709, except useMethod A for all thicknesses of film.10.13 Tensile PropertiesMeasure the tensi
