1、Designation: D 4016 08Standard Test Method forViscosity of Chemical Grouts by Brookfield Viscometer(Laboratory Method)1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 4016; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the
2、year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope*1.1 This test method covers the determination of viscosityof catalysed chemical grouts with the Brookfield visco
3、meter(laboratory method), over the range from 1.0 to 1000 cP (0.001to 1 Pas).1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety problems, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determ
4、ine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.3 This test method offers a set of instructions for perform-ing one or more specific operations. This document cannotreplace education or experience and should be used in con-junction with professional judgment. Not all aspects of thisp
5、ractice may be applicable in all circumstances. This ASTMstandard is not intended to represent or replace the standard ofcare by which the adequacy of a given professional servicemust be judged, nor should this document be applied withoutconsideration of a projects many unique aspects. The word“Stan
6、dard” in the title of this document means only that thedocument has been approved through the ASTM consensusprocess.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D 653 Terminology Relating to Soil, Rock, and ContainedFluidsD 3740 Practice for Minimum Requirements for AgenciesEngaged in the Testing and/
7、or Inspection of Soil and Rockas Used in Engineering Design and ConstructionD 6026 Practice for Using Significant Digits in Geotechni-cal DataE1 Specification for ASTM Liquid-in-Glass Thermometers3. Terminology3.1 For common definitions of terms used in this standard,refer to Terminology D 653.3.2 D
8、efinitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.2.1 coeffcient of viscositythe ratio between the appliedshear stress and the rate of shear. This coefficient is a measureof the resistance to flow of the liquid. It is commonly called theviscosity of the liquid. The cgs unit of viscosity is 1 g/cms (1d
9、yn/s cm2) and is called a poise (P). Viscosities of thin liquidsare normally given in hundredths of a poise or centipoises (cP).The SI unit of viscosity is 1 Pas (1 Ns/m2) and is equal to 10P, or 1000 cP.3.2.2 Newtonian liquida liquid in which the shear stress isproportional to the rate of shearing
10、strain. This constant ratio isthe viscosity. Non-Newtonian behavior can be determined withthe Brookfield instrument by taking measurements at differentspindle speeds.4. Summary of Test Method4.1 A rotating spindle is immersed in a container of cataly-sed chemical grout.An index to the viscosity is r
11、ead directly onthe instrument scale.5. Significance and Use5.1 This test is intended for materials that will penetrate soilvoids and rock fissures. Viscosity alone is not necessarily anexact index of grout penetrability.NOTE 1The quality of the result produced by this test method isdependent on the
12、competence of the personnel performing it and thesuitability of the equipment and facilities used. Agencies that meet thecriteria of Practice D 3740 are generally considered capable of competentand objective testing/sampling/inspection/etc. Users of this standard arecautioned that compliance with of
13、 Practice D 3740 does not in itself assurereliable results. Reliable results depend on mnay factors; of PracticeD 3740 provides a means of evaluating some of those factors.6. Apparatus6.1 Brookfield ViscometerAny model whose lower limitof effective measurement is less than the value of the sample.Mo
14、dels LVF and LVT should be used for measurements above20 cP (20 mPas), and for measurements from 1 to 20 cP (1 to1This test method is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee D18 on Soil andRock and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D18.15 on Stabilization WithAdmixtures.Current edition ap
15、proved Jan. 1, 2008. Published February 2008. Originallyapproved in 1981. Last previous edition approved in 2002 as D 4016 02.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information,
16、 refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.1*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.20 mPas) with the addition of a Model ULadapter. Model
17、s RV,RT, HA, and HB may be used for measurements above 100 cP(100 mPas).NOTE 2The UL adapter may be used for better accuracy in the 20 to100-cP (20 to 100-mPas) range also.6.2 Griffn Beaker, 600-cm3, low-form used as the containerfor the sample. Beaker material must not react with the grout.Glass be
18、akers are not acceptable for silicates. Stainless steelbeakers are acceptable for all materials.6.3 Calibrated Liquid-in-Glass Thermometers, accurate to61.0F (0.5C), or any other thermometric device of equalaccuracy.NOTE 3Glass thermometers should not be used with silicates.6.4 Temperature-Control B
19、ath, for work at other than am-bient temperature, and large enough to hold the samplecontainer. Any bath that will maintain its temperature within61.0F (0.5C) during the test period is adequate.NOTE 4Grout temperature must equal bath temperature at the start ofthe test. Temperature rise due to chemi
20、cal reaction does not invalidate thetest data.7. Sample Preparation7.1 The temperature of the grout components at time oftesting shall be 68 6 1F (20 6 0.5C). Grout temperaturemust equal bath temperature at the start of the test. Temperaturerise due to chemical reaction does not invalidate the test
21、data.NOTE 5Alternatively, three or more tests at various temperatures maybe taken to define a viscosity versus temperature relationship. It isdesirable to have such tests span the anticipated ground temperature.7.2 Viscosity data should be taken on catalysed groutsolution that contains all of the co
22、mponents normally used forfield application.8. Procedure8.1 Prepare the grout components separately and bring themto the required temperature.8.2 When not using the UL adapter attach the No. 1 spindleto the lower shaft.8.2.1 When using the ULadapter attach the locating channelto the viscometer. Asse
23、mble the spindle, extension link, andcoupling nut. Thread the coupling nut onto the viscometerspindle coupling. Guide the tube over the spindle. Thread thelower mounting screw into the tube collar.NOTE 6For more detailed assembly instructions, refer to the manu-facturers operation manual.8.3 Catalys
24、e the grout in a 600-cm3beaker. For materialswhose gel time range is between 10 and 30 min, gel timeshould be set at about 20 min. Instrument readings of viscosity(versus time) should be taken at approximately every twominutes.8.3.1 For materials whose gel time range is less than 10 min,a gel time s
25、hould be set between 50 and 100 % of gel timerange, and readings taken at least every 2 min or, if possible, at1-min intervals.8.3.2 For materials whose gel time range is over 30 min, agel time should be selected at least 25 % above minimum, andreadings taken at approximately equal time intervals to
26、 permitat least five readings prior to gelation.NOTE 7For materials whose normal setting time is modified byprolonged agitation (this includes many silicate and acrylamide grouts)only one reading per sample should be taken, and multiple samples usedto define the viscosity-time data.8.4 Insert the sp
27、indle or UL adapter into the group up to thereference mark and level the viscometer.8.5 Select the highest spindle speed that will give a viscom-eter reading between 20 % and 80 % of scale. The followingtable may be used as a selection guide.With Model UL Adapterrpm Range, cP or mPas50 to 100 0 to 1
28、020 to 50 10 to 3010 to 20 20 to 501to10 50to100Without UL Adapterrpm Range, cP or mPas2to30 20to1000.5to20 50to2000.5 to 12 100 to 5000.5 to 6 200 to 10008.5.1 For all samples whose gel time permits more than onereading, at least one shall be taken at a different spindle speed,from that originally
29、selected. If apparent viscosities differ bymore than 20 % at different spindle speeds, the grout shall bereported as non-Newtonian.NOTE 8For non-Newtonian fluids it is recommended that, wherepossible, sufficient readings be taken so that a chart of spindle speedversus “effective” viscosity may be re
30、ported.8.6 Depress the clutch and turn on the motor. Release theclutch and allow the dial to rotate until the pointer stabilizes.NOTE 9At speeds above 4 rpm, 20 to 30 s will generally be required.At slower speeds, it may take longer.9. Report9.1 The following data shall be included in the report:9.1
31、.1 Composition of the grout, listing each component, andits weight percentage of the total solution. Composition byvolume is also acceptable, if pertinent solution concentrationsand densities are noted.9.1.2 Temperature of the test sample, just prior to theviscosity measurement.9.1.3 Gel time of the
32、 sample.NOTE 10For the purpose of this test, change from liquid to gel maybe considered to occur when the liquid becomes too thick to pour out ofthe sample container.9.1.4 Sample viscosity in cP (mPas) for grouts with veryshort gel times, or preferably, a plot of viscosity versus time.9.2 Report sig
33、nificant digits in a manner consistent withD 6026.10. Precision10.1 PrecisionData are being evaluated to determine theprecision of this test method. In addition Subcommittee D18.15is seeking pertinent data from users of this test method.D401608210.2 BiasThere is no accepted reference value for this
34、testmethod, therefore, bias cannot be determined.11. Keywords11.1 Brookfield viscometer; chemical grout; coefficient ofviscosity; grouting; Newtonian fluids; non-Newtonian fluidsSUMMARY OF CHANGESCommittee D18 has identified the location of selected changes to this standard since the last issue(D 40
35、16 02) that may impact the use of this standard. (Approved January 1, 2008.)(1) Added Section 1.3(2) Added D 6026 and E1to Referenced Documents.(3) Added Section 9.2.(4) Revised Section 7.1.ASTM International takes no position respecting the validity of any patent rights asserted in connection with
36、any item mentionedin this standard. Users of this standard are expressly advised that determination of the validity of any such patent rights, and the riskof infringement of such rights, are entirely their own responsibility.This standard is subject to revision at any time by the responsible technic
37、al committee and must be reviewed every five years andif not revised, either reapproved or withdrawn. Your comments are invited either for revision of this standard or for additional standardsand should be addressed to ASTM International Headquarters. Your comments will receive careful consideration
38、 at a meeting of theresponsible technical committee, which you may attend. If you feel that your comments have not received a fair hearing you shouldmake your views known to the ASTM Committee on Standards, at the address shown below.This standard is copyrighted by ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbo
39、r Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959,United States. Individual reprints (single or multiple copies) of this standard may be obtained by contacting ASTM at the aboveaddress or at 610-832-9585 (phone), 610-832-9555 (fax), or serviceastm.org (e-mail); or through the ASTM website(www.astm.org).D4016083
