1、Designation: D 4031 07Standard Test Method forBulk Properties of Textured Yarns1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 4031; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in pare
2、ntheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This test method covers the measurement of the changein length of a tensioned skein of textured yarn due to change incrimp characteristics brought a
3、bout by exposure to wet or dryheat. The change in length, depending on procedure, is ameasure of skein shrinkage, crimp contraction, bulk shrinkage,or crimp recovery.1.2 This test method applies to crimped, continuous mul-tifilament yarns ranging from 1.7 to 88.9 tex (15 to 800 denier).1.3 Three con
4、ditions are provided for crimp developmentmediums, and loading routines are provided to be used on theyarn skeins to allow determination of yarn bulk by severaldifferent procedures.1.4 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound unitsare to be regarded as standard. Within the text, the inch-p
5、oundunits are shown in parentheses. The values stated in eachsystem are not exact equivalent; therefore, each system shall beused independently of the other. Combining values from thetwo systems may result in nonconformance with the specifi-cation.1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of
6、 thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D 123 Terminology Relati
7、ng to TextilesD 1059 Test Method for Yarn Number Based on Short-Length SpecimensD 1776 Practice for Conditioning and Testing TextilesD 1907 Test Method for Linear Density of Yarn (YarnNumber) by the Skein MethodD 2258 Practice for Sampling Yarn for TestingD 4849 Terminology Relating to Yarns and Fib
8、ers3. Terminology3.1 For all terminology relating to D13.58, Yarns andFibers, refer to Terminology D 4849.3.1.1 The following terms are relevant to this standard: bulkshrinkage, crimp contraction, crimp development medium,crimp recovery, skein shrinkage.3.2 For all other terms are related to textile
9、s, refer toTerminology D 123.4. Summary of Test Method4.1 A skein of yarn of a prescribed size (linear density) issubjected to a crimp development medium using a specifiedloading routine. As the crimp is developed or shrinkage occursin the yarn, the skein changes in length. The lengths of theskein u
10、nder specified tension forces are used to calculate thevalue of bulk shrinkage, crimp contraction, skein shrinkage, orcrimp recovery.4.2 The test method offers three options for loading routineof the yarn skeins. Loading routines consist of using low-tension forces (light loads of 0.04 to 0.98 mN/te
11、x (0.5 to 11mgf/den) that extend without removing crimp, and high-tension forces (heavy loads of 8.8 mN/tex (100 mgf/den) thatremove crimp without elongating the yarn. A list of weights tobe used is given in Table 1. Weight option combinations aredetailed in Table 2.5. Significance and Use5.1 The va
12、lues obtained by this test method should not beused to predict similar properties in fabricated structures exceptin narrow well-defined comparisons, such as 16.7 tex (150-denier) polyester from the same feed yarn merge and texturedon the same machine type.Attempts to relate yarn performanceto fabric
13、 performance might result in poor correlations unlessother factors affecting bulk such as yarn shrinkage and fabricfinishing are eliminated.5.2 Elapsed time between processing and testing has amarked effect on the results of this test especially during thefirst 72 h. Therefore, specimens should only
14、 be compared iftested after the same elapsed time. This effect is caused bystress decay which is known to be minimal beyond the seventh1This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D13 on Textilesand is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D13.58 on Yarns and Fibers.Current edit
15、ion approved Jan. 1, 2007. Published January 2007. Originallyapproved in 1981. Last previous edition approved in 2001 as D 4031 01.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume informa
16、tion, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.day and after which time the sample remains relatively stable.Comparisons are preferably made after the seventh day
17、.5.3 In the case of yarns having a linear density near theupper limit of the skein size directed in Table 3, an error isintroduced when rounding off to full revolutions. Therefore,the calculated values for crimp contraction, etc., should only becompared with other samples of yarn of the same lineard
18、ensity.5.4 OptionAused with crimp development Condition 1 (dryheat oven at 120C (248F) and light loads of 0.04 mN/tex(0.5 mgf/den) and 0.44 mN/tex (5.0 mgf/den) are recom-mended for textured polyester yarns.All crimp parameters maybe calculated.5.5 Option B may also be used with crimp developmentCon
19、dition 1 (dry heat) for textured polyester yarns. Crimpcontraction () may be calculated. When used to duplicate or toutilize suitable mechanical yarn handling devices,3alternateskein size and weights may be used as described in 6.5.2 and9.3.2.5.6 Option C used with crimp development Condition 2(wate
20、r bath at 82C (180F) and a light load of 0.13 mN/tex(1.5 mgf/den) is recommended for textured nylon yarns. Fortextured polyester yarns, Condition 3 (water bath at 97C(206F) is recommended. Only bulk shrinkage () is calculated.5.7 This test method for the measurement of bulk propertiesis not recommen
21、ded for acceptance testing of commercialshipments because of lack of precision data.5.7.1 If there are differences or practical significance be-tween reported test results for two laboratories (or more),comparative tests should be performed to determine if there isa statistical bias between them, us
22、ing competent statisticalassistance. As a minimum, test samples that are as homoge-neous as possible, drawn from the material from which thedisparate test results were obtained, and randomly assigned inequal numbers to each laboratory for testing. The test resultsfrom the two laboratories should be
23、compared using a statis-tical test for unpaired data, at a probability level chosen priorto the testing series. If a bias is found, either its cause must befound and corrected, or future test results for that material mustbe adjusted in consideration of the known bias.6. Apparatus36.1 Skein Reel:6.1
24、.1 GeneralA hand or motor-driven reel having a speci-fied perimeter. The reel shall be fitted with a traversingmechanism that will avoid bunching the successive wraps, andwith an indicator of the length wound. A warning bell that willring at a specified length is recommended. A collapsible arm isrec
25、ommended for ease of removal of skeins. A revolutioncounter is also recommended.6.1.2 Reel PerimeterThe perimeter shall be 1.0 m (1.09yd) with a tolerance of 62 %. By agreement between pur-chaser and supplier, reels may be used having any perimeterbetween 0.9 to 2.3 m (1 to 2.5 yd).6.1.3 Yarn Tensio
26、ningTo minimize differences in yarntensioning a motor driven unit with speeds at 150 6 20revolutions/min is recommended. Tensions should be as low aspossible and no additional tensioning device is required for amotor driven reel. For a hand driven reel additional tensioningmay be needed for yarn con
27、trol. In no case should the tensionexceed 13 mN/tex (0.15 gf/den).6.2 Measuring StandA stand with a measuring scale, inmm, and a hook to position the skein vertically in line with thescale zero.6.3 Heating RackA rack to support skeins during treat-ment and while cooling or drying. The rack and measu
28、ringstand may be combined in one piece.3The sole source of supply of the Textured Yarn Apparatus known to thecommittee at this time is Lawson-Hemphill Sales, Inc., PO Drawer 6388, Spartan-burg, SC 29304 or (International Sales) Lawson-Hemphill, Inc., 96 Hadwin Street,Central Falls, Rhode Island, 028
29、63. If you are aware of alternative suppliers, pleaseprovide this information to ASTM Headquarters. Your comments will receivecareful consideration at a meeting of the responsible technical committee,1whichyou may attend.TABLE 1 Tension Forces Used and Required WeightsTension-mN/tex mgf/denWeight Re
30、quired in Grams1.7 to 44.4 texA(15 to 400 den)44.5 to 89.0 texB(401 to 800 den)For Options A, B, C:0.04 0.5 2.5 3.80.13 1.5 7.5 11.30.22 2.5 12.5 18.80.44 5.0 25.0 37.50.88 10.0 50.0 75.88.83 100.0 500.0 750.0For Option B Only:0.10 1.1 2.5C.0.98 11.1 25.0C.9.82 11.1 250.0C.For Option C Only:0.13 1.5
31、DA555.5-tex (5000-denier) skein.B833.3-tex (7500-denier) skein.CFor 250-tex (2250-denier) skein.DVariable, see Eq 1.TABLE 2 Weight Option CombinationsOptionLoadingRecommendedCrimp Develop-ment ConditionResultsObtainedBeforeDevelop-mentDuringDevelop-mentAfterDevelop-mentA lightheavylight lightheavyli
32、ght1 CCBD,CCADSS, CRB . none heavylight2nd light1 CCADC light light light 2 or 3 BKSTABLE 3 Total Size (Linear Density) of SkeinLinear Density of Yarn Linear Density of SkeinAOptions A, B, C:1.7 to 44.4 tex (15 to 400 denier) 555.5 tex (5000 denier)44.5 to 89.0 tex (401 to 800 denier) 833.5 tex (750
33、0 denier)Option B Only (for mechanical device):1.7 to 44.4 text (15 to 400 denier) 250 tex (2250 denier)Option C Only:1.7 to 44.4 tex (15 to 400 denier)BASee Eq 2, and Note 1.B100 Revolutions, linear density of skein varies.D40310726.4 Mechanical Yarn Handling Device.6.5 Weights, which have a mass a
34、ccurate to 60.1 g, fortensioning skeins:6.5.1 For Options A, B, and C, having mass dependent onyarn denier as shown below and listed in Table 1:6.5.1.1 1.7 to 44.4 tex (15 to 400 denier): 2.5, 7.5, 12.5,25.0, 50.0 and 500.0 g.6.5.1.2 44.5 to 93.3 tex (401 to 840 denier): 3.8, 11.3, 18.8,37.5, 75.0,
35、and 750 g.6.5.2 For Option B only, where suitable mechanical deviceis utilized or duplicated, a variation in skein size loading isused as shown in Table 1 and below.6.5.2.1 1.7 to 44.4 tex (15 to 400 denier): 2.5, 27.5 and 250g.6.5.3 For Option C, calculate the mass required, using Eq 1.W 5 2 3 T!L
36、3 R! (1)where:W = mass, g,T = tension, mN/tex (gf/den),L = yarn linear density, tex (denier), andR = 100, the number of reel revolutions.6.6 Equipment for Developing Crimp by the Specified Con-dition:6.6.1 OvenFor crimp development Condition 1, an ovenwith temperature controls to maintain a temperat
37、ure of 120 62C (250 6 4F) and large enough to hold skeins and attachedweights vertically without the weights touching the oven floor.6.6.2 WaterbathFor crimp development Conditions 2 and3, a water bath capable of maintaining a water temperature of82 6 2C (180 6 4F) or of 97 6 2C (206 6 4F), and larg
38、eenough to hold skeins and attached weights vertically withoutthe weights touching the tank bottom (see Sections 5 and 6).6.7 Stopwatch, or suitable timer.7. Sampling7.1 Lot SampleTake a lot sample of shipping containersas directed in an applicable specification, or as agreed uponbetween the purchas
39、er and supplier. In the absence of anapplicable specification or agreement, take a lot sample asdirected in Practice D 2258. Consider shipping containers ofyarn to be the primary sampling unit.7.2 Laboratory SampleAs a laboratory sample for accep-tance testing, from the combined number of primary sa
40、mplingunits, take four randomly selected packages from each con-tainer. Select the packages randomly from the containers in thelot sample as directed in Practice D 2258.7.3 Number of SpecimensTest three specimens from eachpackage of yarn in the laboratory sampling unit.8. Conditioning8.1 Condition e
41、ach package in the standard atmosphere fortesting textiles which is 70 6 2F (21 6 1C) and 65 6 2%relative humidity as directed in Practice D 1776 (7.3 and 7.5),prior to winding skeins.9. Preparation of Test Specimens9.1 Determine linear density of yarn by either of TestMethods D 1059 or Test Method
42、D 1907, unless known.9.2 Strip approximately 30 m (30 yd) of yarn from eachpackage and prepare skeins in the standard atmosphere fortesting textiles as directed in 9.3.9.3 Skein Sizes:9.3.1 Options A, B, and CReel the skeins as directed inTable 3 (see Eq 2). The number of turns required for a skeins
43、ize (linear density) of 555.5 tex (5000 denier) and yarn lineardensities of 1.7 to 44.4 tex (15 to 400 denier) are given in Table4. For higher tex up to 89.0 tex (800 denier), the number ofwraps per skein is determined using Eq 2, raising any fractionalwrap result to the next highest whole number.R
44、5 S/2D (2)where:R = number of reel revolutions required in the skein,S = size (linear density) of the skein, tex (denier),D = yarn linear density, tex (denier), and2 = number of legs of skein.NOTE 1It is understood that the actual linear density of the reel skeinsis not equal to the size (linear den
45、sity) selected for the calculation of reelrevolutions. The use of linear density to describe the total size of the skeinis common in the textured yarn industry.9.3.2 Option BWhere suitable mechanical device is uti-lized or duplicated for deniers 1.7 to 44.4 tex (15 to 400), a 250tex (2250 total skei
46、n denier) may be used. Calculate thenumber of revolutions, using Eq 2.9.3.3 Option CIn the case of a reel having a 1-mcircumference where a skein of 100 m is used the number ofrevolutions will be 100. Where reels of other circumferencesare used, a correction must be made for the number ofrevolutions
47、 by dividing by reel circumference in metres.Depending on linear density and reel circumference loadingweights must be calculated in each case, using Eq 1.10. Procedure10.1 Make all length measurements in the standard atmo-sphere for testing textiles.10.2 Test the skeins as directed in 10.3, 10.4,or
48、10.5.10.3 Option A:10.3.1 Crimp contraction before and after development(CCBD and CCAD) skein shrinkages (SS), bulk shrinkage(BKS), and crimp recovery (CR) may be calculated.10.3.2 Select a crimp development condition from theoptions listed in Table 2 (see 5.4).10.3.3 Select the weights from Table 1
49、 based on selectedtension forces to be used. A different set of specimens isrequired for each light load (see 5.4).10.3.4 For each specimen make the following length mea-surements:10.3.4.1 Length before development, under light load, labelCb.10.3.4.2 Length before development, under heavy load,label Lb.10.3.4.3 Length after development with light load attached,label Ca.10.3.4.4 Length after development with heavy load, labelLa.10.3.4.5 Length with light load on a developed specimenafter heavy load removed, label Cc.D403107310.3.5 Place a skein for e
