1、Designation: D4044/D4044M 15Standard Test Method for(Field Procedure) for Instantaneous Change in Head (Slug)Tests for Determining Hydraulic Properties of Aquifers1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D4044/D4044M; the number immediately following the designation indicates theyear of
2、original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of lastreapproval. A superscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope*1.1 This test method covers the field procedure for perform-in
3、g an in situ instantaneous change in head (slug) test.1.2 This test method is used in conjunction with an analyti-cal procedure such as Test Method D4104 to data analysis andto determine aquifer properties.1.3 UnitsThe values stated in either SI Units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separatel
4、y as standard. Thevalues in each system may not be exact equivalents; thereforeeach system shall be used independently of the other. Combin-ing values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard. Reporting of test results inunits other than SI shall not be regarded as noncon
5、formancewith this test method.1.4 All observed and calculated values shall conform to theguidelines for significant digits and rounding established inPractice D6026.1.4.1 The procedures used to specify how data are collected/recorded and calculated in the standard are regarded as theindustry standar
6、d. In addition, they are representative of thesignificant digits that generally should be retained. The proce-dures used do not consider material variation, purpose forobtaining the data, special purpose studies, or any consider-ations for the users objectives; and it is common practice toincrease o
7、r reduce significant digits of reported data to becommensurate with these considerations. It is beyond the scopeof these test methods to consider significant digits used inanalysis methods for engineering data.1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associate
8、d with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D653 Terminology Relating to Soil, Rock, and ContainedFluidsD3
9、740 Practice for Minimum Requirements for AgenciesEngaged in Testing and/or Inspection of Soil and Rock asUsed in Engineering Design and ConstructionD4043 Guide for Selection of Aquifer Test Method inDetermining Hydraulic Properties by Well TechniquesD4104 Test Method (Analytical Procedure) for Dete
10、rminingTransmissivity of Nonleaky Confined Aquifers by Over-damped Well Response to Instantaneous Change in Head(Slug Tests)D5785 Test Method for (Analytical Procedure) for Deter-mining Transmissivity of Confined Nonleaky Aquifers byUnderdamped Well Response to Instantaneous Change inHead (Slug Test
11、)D5881 Test Method for (Analytical Procedure) DeterminingTransmissivity of Confined Nonleaky Aquifers by Criti-cally Damped Well Response to Instantaneous Change inHead (Slug)D5912 Test Method for (Analytical Procedure) DeterminingHydraulic Conductivity of an Unconfined Aquifer byOverdamped Well Res
12、ponse to Instantaneous Change inHead (Slug) (Withdrawn 2013)3D6026 Practice for Using Significant Digits in GeotechnicalData3. Terminology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 For definitions of common technical terms used in thisstandard, refer to Terminology D653.4. Summary of Test Method4.1 This test method desc
13、ribes the field procedures involvedin conducting an instantaneous head (slug) test. The slug test1This test method is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee D18 on Soil andRock and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D18.21 on Groundwater andVadose Zone Investigations.Current edition appro
14、ved Sept. 1, 2015. Published September 2015. Originallyapproved in 1991. Last previous edition approved in 2008 as D4044 96 (2008).DOI: 10.1520/D4044_D4044M-15.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of
15、 ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced onwww.astm.org.*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standardCopyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive,
16、 PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States1method involves causing a sudden change in head in a controlwell and measuring the water level response within that controlwell. Head change may be induced by suddenly injecting orremoving a known quantity or “slug” of water into the well
17、,rapid removal of a mechanical “slug” from below the waterlevel, increasing or decreasing the air pressure in the wellcasing, or emplacement of a mechanical slug into the watercolumn.4.2 The water-level response in the well is a function of themass of water in the well and the transmissivity and coe
18、fficientof storage of the aquifer. One method of analysis of the datafrom this field practice is described in Test Method D4104.5. Significance and Use5.1 This slug test field procedure is used in conjunction witha slug test analytical procedure, such as Test Method D4104 toprovide quick and relativ
19、ely inexpensive estimates of transmis-sivity.5.2 The slug test provides an advantage over pumping testsin that it does not require the disposal of the large quantities ofwater that may be produced. This is of special importancewhen testing a potentially contaminated aquifer. However, slugtests refle
20、ct conditions near the well, therefore are influencedby near-well conditions, such as gravel pack, poor welldevelopment, and skin effects, as a result, slug test resultsshould be viewed as semi-quantitative in comparison to pump-ing test results.5.3 Slug tests may be made in aquifer materials of low
21、erhydraulic conductivity than generally considered suitable forhydraulic testing with pumping tests.5.4 The method of data analysis (analytical procedure)should be known prior to the field testing to ensure that allappropriate dimensions and measurements are properly re-corded. Selection of the anal
22、ytical procedure can be aided byusing Guide D4043, Test Method D5785, Test Method D5881,and Test Method D5912.NOTE 1The quality of the result produced by this standard isdependent on the competence of the personnel performing it, and thesuitability of the equipment and facilities used. Agencies that
23、 meet thecriteria of Practice D3740 are generally considered capable of competentand objective testing/sampling/inspection/etc. Users of this standard arecautioned that compliance with Practice D3740 does not in itself assurereliable results. Reliable results depend on many factors; Practice D3740pr
24、ovides a means of evaluating some of those factors.6. Apparatus6.1 Slug-Inducing EquipmentThis test method describesthe types of equipment that can be used. Because of the infinitevariety of testing conditions and because similar results can beachieved with different apparatus, engineering specifica
25、tionsfor apparatus are not appropriate. This test method specifies theresults to be achieved by the equipment to satisfy the require-ments of this practice.6.2 Water-Level Measurement EquipmentThe method ofwater level measurement may be dependent on the methodselected for injection or withdrawal of
26、water, and the nature ofthe response of the well. For an open-well test, that is, whereaccess to the water level is open to the surface, measure waterlevels manually, by an automatic recording device linked to afloat, or with a pressure transducer linked to a data logger ordisplay device. A pressure
27、 transducer linked to a data loggerwill be necessary for a test in a closed well in whichwater-level changes are induced by vacuum or pressure on thecontrol well and where manual measurements do not providemeasurements of adequate frequency (see 10.3).6.3 Barometric PressureBarometric pressures shou
28、ld bedetermined and routinely logged.7. Conditioning7.1 Pre-Test Procedure:7.1.1 Measuring Pre-Test Water LevelsMeasure the waterlevel in the control well before beginning the test for a periodlonger than the duration of the test to determine the pre-testwater level fluctuations and to establish the
29、 statis pre-testwater-level trend and to determine a pre-test reference waterlevel.7.1.2 Well DevelopmentPrior to slug testing the well mustbe adequately developed (or re-developed) to provide the mostrepresentative test results. Failure to perform adequate devel-opment may result in low-biased dete
30、rminations of formationhydraulic conductivity and transmissivity exceeding an orderof magnitude. If a well has been inactive for several months oryears since its original installation and development a re-development may be required. Development may consist ofsurging and purging the well with one of
31、 several methods.Purging with a bailer may be adequate in some wells wheresufficient energy can be injected into the surrounding aquifer toremove fines and damage caused due to well installation andconstruction activities. Use of an inertial pump may also beeffective, especially if a surge block is
32、applied alternately. Overpumping the well may be more effective in larger wells with ahigh yield. In low permeability formations (for example, sandto silty clay) these development methods may not be appro-priate and could lead to a clogged filter pack or well screen.7.1.3 Verify DevelopmentIt is pos
33、sible to verify adequatedevelopment of well in permeable formations by performingrepeat slug tests using the same initial head. Usually three tofive repeat tests can be conducted in less than an hour inpermeable formations. Often visual inspection/comparison ofthe test response curve in the field ca
34、n be used to assess wellperformance. Significant changes in the magnitude of theresponse curve or shape of the response curve between repeattests indicates that further development or redevelopment isrequired.8. Procedure8.1 Cause a change in water level, either a rise or decline, byone of the follo
35、wing methods:8.1.1 Water SlugInject or withdraw water of a knownquantity into or from the control well.8.1.2 Mechanical SlugInject a mechanical slug to belowthe water level in the well, or withdraw the mechanical slugbelow the water level in the well. The water within the controlwell will then rise
36、or decline an amount equal to the volume ofthe mechanical slug.D4044/D4044M 1528.1.3 Release Vacuum or PressureA method of simulatingthe injection or withdrawal of a slug of water is by the releaseof a vacuum or pressure on a tightly capped (shut-in) controlwell. Before the release, the vacuum or pr
37、essure is heldconstant.NOTE 2There is no fixed requirement for the magnitude of the changein water level. Similar results can be achieved with a wide range ininduced head change. Some considerations include a magnitude of changethat can be readily measured with the apparatus selected, for example th
38、ehead change should be such that the method of measurement should beaccurate to1%ofthemaximum head change. Generally, an induced headchange of from one-third to one metre 1 to 3 feet is adequate. Althoughthe induced head change should be sufficient to allow the response curveto be defined, excessive
39、 head change should be avoided to reduce thepossibility of introducing large frictional losses in well bore and to avoidmechanically damaging the aquifer material.8.1.4 The addition of any water to a well should be fullyevaluated prior to the test. The addition of water may changethe chemistry of th
40、e well for subsequent monitoring, and therapid injection may damage the well pack and surroundingnatural soils. The injection of water into a well may beineffective and should not be permitted for wells screenedacross the water table as the resulting data cannot be effectivelyevaluated unless the sc
41、reened interval is long relative to thechange in head. In other cases, pouring water into the controlwell will allow water to run along the well casing wall and canresult in non-instantaneous test initiation. The withdrawal ofwater from a well may be problematic by the generation ofcontaminated wate
42、r that will have to be handled and disposedof in accordance with applicable regulations.8.1.5 The mechanical model for the test assumes the headchange is induced instantaneously. Practically, a finite time isrequired to effect a head change. Selection of time zero can beselected experimentally. Refe
43、r to the method of analysis (suchas Test Method D4104) to determine time zero and to evaluatethe suitability of the change effected in the well.8.2 Measure and record the water-level response to thechange in water level. The frequency of water-level measure-ment during the test is dependent upon the
44、 hydraulic conduc-tivity of the material being tested. During the early portions ofthe test, measure water levels at closely-spaced intervals.Measurements of water level made manually with a tapeshould be made as frequently as possible until the water levelhas recovered about 60 to 80 %. Increase th
45、e length of timebetween measurements with increasing duration of the test.Since most methods of data analysis are curve-fittingtechniques, it is essential that water levels are measuredfrequently enough to define the water-level response curve (seeGuide D4043, Test Methods D4104 and D5785).8.2.1 In
46、aquifer-well systems where water-level changes arerapid, it may be necessary to use a pressure transducer linkedto an electronic data logger to measure and record the waterlevels frequently enough to adequately define the waterlevelresponse. The use of transducers and data loggers generallyprovides
47、a greater than adequate frequency of measurements,ranging from several measurements per second in the early partof the test to a specified frequency in the later portions of a test.With such equipment, the test analysis may use a reduced dataset of measurements to calculate the hydraulic properties
48、(seeGuide D4043, Test Methods D4104 and D5785 for analysis ofwater level data).NOTE 3There is a potential for damage or entanglement of the wireswhen using transducers and mechanical slugs. Entanglement of the wiresmay cause the quality of the data to be unknown.8.3 Post-Test ProcedureMake prelimina
49、ry analysis of databefore leaving the field and evaluate the test regarding thecriteria given in this test method and the method of analysis,such as Test Method D4104 to determine if the test should bererun.NOTE 4Dependent on the properties of the well, the confidence in theresults may be increased by performing multiple tests (rising and fallinghead) over a period of days or when the static level has returned to theoriginal level.9. Calculation and Interpretation of Test Data9.1 Plot the water-level response in the well to the suddenchange in head, Calculation and
