1、Designation: D4052 16D4052 18Standard Test Method forDensity, Relative Density, and API Gravity of Liquids byDigital Density Meter1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D4052; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of rev
2、ision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the U.S. Department of Defense.1. Scope*1.1 This test me
3、thod covers the determination of the density, relative density, and API Gravity of petroleum distillates andviscous oils that can be handled in a normal fashion as liquids at the temperature of test, utilizing either manual or automatedsample injection equipment. Its application is restricted to liq
4、uids with total vapor pressures (see Test Method D5191) typicallybelow 100 kPa and viscosities (see Test Method D445 or D7042) typically below about 15 000 mm2/s at the temperature of test.The total vapor pressure limitation however can be extended to 100 kPa provided that it is first ascertained th
5、at no bubbles formin the U-shaped, oscillating tube, which can affect the density determination. Some examples of products that may be tested bythis procedure include: gasoline and gasoline-oxygenate blends, diesel, jet, basestocks, waxes, and lubricating oils.1.1.1 Waxes and highly viscous samples
6、were not included in the 1999 interlaboratory study (ILS) sample set that was used todetermine the current precision statements of the method, since all samples evaluated at the time were analyzed at a testtemperature of 15 C. Wax and highly viscous samples require a temperature cell operated at ele
7、vated temperatures necessary toensure a liquid test specimen is introduced for analysis. Consult instrument manufacturer instructions for appropriate guidance andprecautions when attempting to analyze wax or highly viscous samples. Refer to the Precision and Bias section of the method andNote 89 for
8、 more detailed information about the 1999 ILS that was conducted.1.2 In cases of dispute, the referee method is the one where samples are introduced manually as in 6.3 or 6.4, as appropriatefor sample type.1.3 When testing opaque samples, and when not using equipment that is capable of automatic bub
9、ble detection, properprocedure shall be established so that the absence of air bubbles in the sample cell can be established with certainty. For thedetermination of density in crude oil samples use Test Method D5002.1.4 The values stated in SI units are regarded as the standard, unless stated otherw
10、ise. The accepted units of measure for densityare grams per millilitre (g/mL) or kilograms per cubic metre (kg/m3).1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibilityof the user of this standard to establish appropriate
11、safety safety, health, and healthenvironmental practices and determine theapplicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific warning statements, see 7.4, 7.5, and 10.3.1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardiz
12、ationestablished in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issuedby the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D287 Test Method for API Gravity of Crude Petroleum a
13、nd Petroleum Products (Hydrometer Method)D445 Test Method for Kinematic Viscosity of Transparent and Opaque Liquids (and Calculation of Dynamic Viscosity)D1193 Specification for Reagent WaterD1250 Guide for Use of the Petroleum Measurement Tables1 This test method is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Co
14、mmittee D02 on Petroleum Products, Liquid Fuels, and Lubricants and is the direct responsibility of SubcommitteeD02.04.0D on Physical and Chemical Methods.Current edition approved Dec. 1, 2016May 1, 2018. Published January 2017May 2018. Originally approved in 1981. Last previous edition approved in
15、20152016 asD4052 15.D4052 16. DOI: 10.1520/D4052-16.10.1520/D4052-18.2 For referencedASTM standards, visit theASTM website, www.astm.org, or contactASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standardsvolume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page on the ASTM
16、website.This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Becauseit may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult p
17、rior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current versionof the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standardCopyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 1
18、9428-2959. United States1D1298 Test Method for Density, Relative Density, or API Gravity of Crude Petroleum and Liquid Petroleum Products byHydrometer MethodD4057 Practice for Manual Sampling of Petroleum and Petroleum ProductsD4177 Practice for Automatic Sampling of Petroleum and Petroleum Products
19、D4377 Test Method for Water in Crude Oils by Potentiometric Karl Fischer TitrationD5002 Test Method for Density and Relative Density of Crude Oils by Digital Density AnalyzerD5191 Test Method for Vapor Pressure of Petroleum Products (Mini Method)D7042 Test Method for Dynamic Viscosity and Density of
20、 Liquids by Stabinger Viscometer (and the Calculation of KinematicViscosity)3. Terminology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 density, nmass per unit volume at a specified temperature.3.1.2 relative density, nthe ratio of the density of a material at a stated temperature to the density of water at a statedtempera
21、ture.3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.2.1 adjustment, vthe operation of bringing the instrument to a state of performance suitable for its use, by setting oradjusting the density meter constants.3.2.1.1 DiscussionOn some digital density analyzer instruments, an adjustment may be
22、made rather than calibrating the instrument. The adjustmentprocedure uses air and freshly boiled reagent water (WarningHandling water at boiling or near boiling temperature can presenta safety hazard. Wear appropriate personal protective equipment.) as standards to establish the linearity of measure
23、ments over arange of operating temperatures.3.2.2 calibration, vset of operations that establishes the relationship between the reference density of standards and thecorresponding density reading of the instrument.4. Summary of Test Method4.1 Asmall volume, approximately 1 mL to 2 mL, of liquid samp
24、le is introduced into an oscillating sample tube and the changein oscillating frequency caused by the change in the mass of the tube is used in conjunction with calibration data to determine thedensity, relative density, or API Gravity of the sample. Both manual and automated injection techniques ar
25、e described.5. Significance and Use5.1 Density is a fundamental physical property that can be used in conjunction with other properties to characterize both thelight and heavy fractions of petroleum and petroleum products.5.2 Determination of the density or relative density of petroleum and its prod
26、ucts is necessary for the conversion of measuredvolumes to volumes at the standard temperature of 15 C.6. Apparatus6.1 Digital Density AnalyzerA digital analyzer consisting of a U-shaped, oscillating sample tube and a system for electronicexcitation, frequency counting, and display. The analyzer sha
27、ll accommodate the accurate measurement of the sample temperatureduring measurement or shall control the sample temperature as described in 6.2. The instrument shall be capable of meeting theprecision requirements described in this test method.6.2 Circulating Constant-Temperature Bath, (optional), c
28、apable of maintaining the temperature of the circulating liquid constantto 60.05 C in the desired range. Temperature control can be maintained as part of the density analyzer instrument package.6.3 Syringes, for use primarily in manual injections, at least 2 mL in volume with a tip or an adapter tip
29、 that will fit the openingof the oscillating tube.6.4 Flow-Through or Pressure Adapter, for use as an alternative means of introducing the sample into the density analyzer eitherby a pump, by pressure, or by vacuum.NOTE 1It is highly recommended that a vacuum not be applied to samples prone to light
30、-end loss, as it can easily lead to the formation of bubbles.It is recommended to fabricate a special cap or stopper for sample containers so that air, such as from a squeeze pump, is used to displace a test specimento the U-tube measuring cell by the flow-through method.6.5 Autosampler, required fo
31、r use in automated injection analyses. The autosampler shall be designed to ensure the integrity ofthe test specimen prior to and during the analysis and be equipped to transfer a representative portion of test specimen to the digitaldensity analyzer.D4052 1826.6 Temperature Sensing Device (TSD), ca
32、pable of monitoring the observed test temperature to within an accuracy of6 0.05 C. If a liquid-in-glass thermometer is used as the TSD, it shall be calibrated and graduated to 0.1 C, and have a holderthat can be attached to the instrument for setting and observing the test temperature. In calibrati
33、ng the thermometer, the ice pointand bore connections should be estimated to the nearest 0.05 C. For non-mercurial thermometers, the TSD device shall becalibrated at least annually against a certified and traceable standard.6.7 Ultrasonic Bath, Unheated, (optional), of suitable dimensions to hold co
34、ntainer(s) placed inside of bath, for use ineffectively dissipating and removing air or gas bubbles that may be entrained in viscous sample types prior to analysis.7. Reagents and Materials7.1 Purity of ReagentsReagent grade chemicals shall be used in all tests. Unless otherwise indicated, it is int
35、ended that allreagents shall conform to the specifications of the Committee on Analytical Reagents of the American Chemical Society, wheresuch specifications are available.3 Other grades may be used, provided it is first ascertained that the reagent is of sufficiently highpurity to permit its use wi
36、thout lessening the accuracy of the determination.7.2 Purity of WaterUnless otherwise indicated, references to water shall be understood to mean reagent water as defined byType II of Specification D1193 or higher.7.3 Water, reagent water, freshly boiled to remove dissolved gasses, for use as primary
37、 calibration standard. (WarningHandling water at boiling or near boiling temperature can present a safety hazard. Wear appropriate personal protectiveequipment.)7.4 Cleaning Solvent, such as petroleum naphtha4 (WarningPetroleum naphtha is extremely flammable), or other materialsthat are capable of f
38、lushing and removing samples entirely from the sample tube.7.5 Acetone, for flushing and drying the sample tube. (WarningExtremely flammable.)7.6 Dry Air, for drying the oscillator tube.8. Sampling, Test Specimens, and Test Units8.1 Sampling is defined as all the steps required to obtain an aliquot
39、of the contents of any pipe, tank, or other system, and toplace the sample into the laboratory test container. The laboratory test container and sample volume shall be of sufficient capacityto mix the sample and obtain a homogeneous sample for analysis.8.2 Laboratory SampleUse only representative sa
40、mples obtained as specified in Practices D4057 or D4177 for this testmethod.8.3 Test SpecimenA portion or volume of sample obtained from the laboratory sample and delivered to the density analyzersample tube. The test specimen is obtained as follows:8.3.1 Mix the sample if required to homogenize, ta
41、king care to avoid the introduction of air bubbles. The mixing may beaccomplished as described in Practice D4177 or Test Method D4377. Mixing at room temperature in an open container can resultin the loss of volatile material from certain sample types (for example, gasoline samples), so mixing in cl
42、osed, pressurizedcontainers or at least 10 C below ambient temperature is required for such sample types where loss of volatile material is apotential concern. For some sample types, such as viscous lube oils that are prone to having entrained air or gas bubbles presentin the sample, the use of an u
43、ltrasonic bath (see 6.7) without the heater turned on (if so equipped), has been found effective indissipating bubbles typically within 10 min.NOTE 2When mixing samples with volatile components, consider the sample properties in relation to both ambient temperature and pressure.8.3.2 For manual inje
44、ctions, draw the test specimen from a properly mixed laboratory sample using an appropriate syringe. Ifthe proper density analyzer attachments and connecting tubes are used, as described in 6.4, then the test specimen can be delivereddirectly to the analyzers sample tube from the mixing container. F
45、or automated injections, it is necessary to first transfer a portionof sample by appropriate means from a properly mixed laboratory sample to the autosampler vials, and take the necessary stepsto ensure the integrity of the test specimen prior to and during the analysis. Sample vials for the autosam
46、pler shall be sealedimmediately after filling up to 80 % 6 5 % and shall be kept closed until the auto sampler transfers the test specimen into themeasuring cell. For highly volatile samples, cool the sample prior to measurement. Follow the manufacturers instructions.NOTE 3Overfilled sample vials ca
47、n result in cross-contamination between sample vials.9. Preparation of Apparatus9.1 Set up the density analyzer (including the constant temperature bath and related attachments, if necessary) following themanufacturers instructions. Adjust the bath or internal temperature control so that the desired
48、 test temperature is established and3 Reagent Chemicals, American Chemical Society Specifications, American Chemical Society, Washington, DC. For suggestions on the testing of reagents not listed bythe American Chemical Society, see Analar Standards for Laboratory Chemicals, BDH Ltd., Poole, Dorset,
49、 U.K., and the United States Pharmacopeia and NationalFormulary, U.S. Pharmaceutical Convention, Inc. (USPC), Rockville, MD.4 Suitable solvent naphthas are marketed under various designations such as “Petroleum Ether,” “Ligroine,” or “Precipitation Naphtha.”D4052 183maintained in the sample compartment of the analyzer. Calibrate the instrument at the same temperature at which the density orrelative density of the sample is to be measured or perform an adjustment (see 3.2.1Discussion) in preparation of analyzingsamples. (WarningPrecise setting and c
