1、Designation: D 4083 89 (Reapproved 2007)Standard Practice forDescription of Frozen Soils (Visual-Manual Procedure)1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 4083; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year
2、 of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.1. Scope1.1 This practice presents a procedu
3、re for the description offrozen soils based on visual examination and simple manualtests.1.2 It is intended to be used in conjunction with Test MethodD 2487 and Practice D 2488, which describe and classify soils,but do not cover their frozen state.1.3 This procedure is based on “Guide to Field Descr
4、iptionof Permafrost for Engineering Purposes,” National ResearchCouncil of Canada, 1963, and MIL-STD-619.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and
5、 health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.5 This practice offers a set of instructions for performingone or more specific operations. This document cannot replaceeducation or experience and should be used in conjunctionwith professional judgment. Not
6、 all aspects of this practice maybe applicable in all circumstances. This ASTM standard is notintended to represent or replace the standard of care by whichthe adequacy of a given professional service must be judged,nor should this document be applied without consideration ofa projects many unique a
7、spects. The word “Standard” in thetitle of this document means only that the document has beenapproved through the ASTM consensus process.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D 420 Guide to Site Characterization for Engineering De-sign and Construction PurposesD 653 Terminology Relating to Soi
8、l, Rock, and ContainedFluidsD 1452 Practice for Soil Investigation and Sampling byAuger BoringsD 2487 Practice for Classification of Soils for EngineeringPurposes (Unified Soil Classification System)D 2488 Practice for Description and Identification of Soils(Visual-Manual Procedure)2.2 Military Stan
9、dard:MIL-STD-619 Unified Soil Classification System forRoads, Airfields, Embankments and Foundations33. Terminology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 Definitions of the soil components of a frozen soilmass, that is, boulders, cobbles, gravel, sand, fines (silt andclay), and organic soils and peat shall be in acc
10、ordance withTerminology D 653.3.1.2 The following terms are used in conjunction with thedescription of frozen ground areas (Fig. 1):43.1.2.1 annual frost zone (active layer)the top layer ofground subject to annual freezing and thawing.3.1.2.2 frost tablethe frozen surface, usually irregular,that rep
11、resents the level, to which thawing of seasonally frozenground has penetrated. See Fig. 1.3.1.2.3 frozen zonea range of depth within which the soilis frozen. The frozen zone may be bounded both top andbottom by unfrozen soil, or at the top by the ground surface.3.1.2.4 ground icea body of more or le
12、ss clear ice withinfrozen ground.3.1.2.5 ice wedgea wedge-shaped mass in permafrost,usually associated with fissures in polygons.3.1.2.6 icinga surface ice mass formed by freezing ofsuccessive sheets of water.3.1.2.7 permafrostthe thermal condition in soil or rock,wherein the materials have existed
13、at a temperature below 0C1This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D18 on Soil andRock and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D18.19 on Frozen Soils andRock.Current edition approved Sept. 1, 2007. Published September 2007. Originallyapproved in 1982. Last previous edition
14、approved in 2001 as D 4083 83 (2001).2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3Available from Naval Pu
15、blications and Forms Center, 5801 Tabor Ave.,Philadelphia, PA 19120.4For more complete lists of generally accepted terms used in the description offrozen ground see: Hennion, F., “Frost and Permafrost Definitions,” Bulletin 111,Highway Research Board, Washington, DC 1955; and Brown, R. J. E., and Ku
16、psch,W. D., “Permafrost Terminology,” Technical Memorandum No. 111, NationalResearch Council of Canada, 1974.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.(32F) continuously for a number of years. Pore fluids or icemay or may not b
17、e present.3.1.2.8 permafrost tablethe surface that represents theupper limit of permafrost.3.1.2.9 polygons (polygonal ground)more or less regular-sized surface patterns created by thermal contraction of theground. Two types are common: (a) those with depressedcenters and (b) those with raised cente
18、rs.3.1.2.10 residual thaw zonea layer of unfrozen groundbetween the permafrost and the annual frost zone. This layerdoes not exist where annual frost extends to permafrost.3.1.3 The following terms are used to describe the charac-teristics of the frozen earth:3.1.3.1 candled iceice that has rotted o
19、r otherwise formedinto long columnar crystals, very loosely bonded together.3.1.3.2 clear iceice that is transparent and contains only amoderate number of air bubbles.3.1.3.3 cloudy iceice that is translucent or relativelyopaque due to the content of air or for other reasons, but whichis essentially
20、 sound and nonpervious.3.1.3.4 excess iceice in excess of the fraction that wouldbe retained as water in the soil voids after thawing.3.1.3.5 friablea condition under which the material iseasily broken up under light to moderate pressure.3.1.3.6 granular iceice that is composed of coarse, moreor les
21、s equidimensional, crystals weakly bonded together.3.1.3.7 ice coatings on particlesdiscernible layers of icefound on or below the larger soil particles in a frozen soil mass.They are sometimes associated with hoarfrost crystals, whichhave grown into voids produced by the freezing action.3.1.3.8 ice
22、 crystala very small individual ice particlevisible in the face of a soil mass. Crystals may be present aloneor in combination with other ice formations.3.1.3.9 ice lenseslenticular ice formations in soil occur-ring essentially parallel to each other, generally normal to thedirection of heat loss, a
23、nd commonly in repeated layers.3.1.3.10 ice segregationthe growth of ice within soil inexcess of the amount that may be produced by the in-placeconversion of the original void moisture to ice. Ice segregationoccurs most often as distinct lenses, layers, veins, and masses,commonly, but not always, or
24、iented normal to the direction ofheat flow.3.1.3.11 poorly bondeda condition in which the soilparticles are weakly held together by the ice so that the frozensoil has poor resistance to chipping and breaking.3.1.3.12 porous iceice that contains numerous voids,usually interconnected and usually resul
25、ting from melting at airbubbles or along crystal interfaces from presence of salt orother materials in the water, or from the freezing of saturatedsnow. Though porous, the mass retains its structural unity.3.1.3.13 thaw stablethe characteristic of frozen soils that,upon thawing, do not show loss of
26、strength in comparison tonormal, long-time thawed values nor produce detrimentalsettlement.3.1.3.14 thaw unstablethe characteristic of frozen soilsthat, upon thawing, show significant loss of strength incomparison to normal, long-time thawed values or producesignificant settlement, or both, as a dir
27、ect result of the meltingof excess ice in the soil.3.1.3.15 well bondeda condition in which the soil par-ticles are strongly held together by the ice so that the frozensoil possesses relatively high resistance to chipping or break-ing.4. Significance and Use4.1 This practice is intended primarily fo
28、r use by geotech-nical engineers and technicians and geologists in the field,where the soil profile or samples from it may be observed in arelatively undisturbed (frozen) state.4.2 It may also be used in the laboratory to describe thecondition of relatively undisturbed soil samples that have beenmai
29、ntained in a frozen condition following their acquisition inthe field.4.3 The practice is not intended to be used in describingunfrozen soils or disturbed samples of frozen soil.FIG. 1 Illustration of Frozen Soil TerminologyD 4083 89 (2007)25. Apparatus5.1 Required Apparatus:5.1.1 Pocket knife or sm
30、all spatula.5.1.2 Low-power magnifying hand lens.5.1.3 Pint-size graduated jars.5.2 Useful Auxiliary Apparatus:5.2.1 Camera.5.2.2 Small bottle of dilute hydrochloric acid.5.2.3 Small test tube and stopper.5.2.4 Munsell Soil Color Chart or Rock Color Chart, orboth.5.2.5 Thermometer.6. General Procedu
31、re for Identification6.1 The system for describing and classifying frozen soil isbased on an identification procedure which involves three stepsdesignated as Parts I, II, and III. Part I consists of a descriptionof the soil phase, Part II consists of the addition of soilcharacteristics resulting fro
32、m the frozen state, and Part IIIconsists of a description of the important ice strata associatedwith the soil.NOTE 1In addition to the description of the soil profile at a given site,it is normally advantageous to describe the local terrain features. Particu-larly useful are descriptions of the type
33、 of vegetation cover, depth and typeof snow cover, local relief and drainage conditions, and depth of thaw.One or more photos of the area also can be very helpful. The terminologygiven in 3.1.2 should be used to describe any special conditions which canbe recognized. To these should be added any ava
34、ilable information on thedepth of thaw as estimated from borings and test pits at the site.7. Part I, Description of the Soil Phase57.1 The soil phase, whether thawed or frozen, is firstdescribed in accordance with Practice D 2488.8. Part II, Description of the Frozen Soil8.1 Frozen soils in which i
35、ce is not visible to the unaidedeye are designated by the symbol N and are divided into twomain subgroups as shown in Fig. 2.8.1.1 Poorly bonded or friable material in which segre-gated ice is not visible to the unaided eye is designated by thesymbol Nf. This condition exists when the degree of satu
36、rationis low.8.1.2 Well-bonded frozen soil in which the ice cements thematerial into a hard solid mass, but in which segregated ice isnot visible to the unaided eye is designated by the symbol Nb.It may further be described on the basis of detailed examinationand assigned to one of two subtypes. See
37、 Fig. 2.8.1.2.1 If no excess ice is present as indicated by theabsence of segregation even under magnified viewing, thematerial is designated by the symbol Nbn.8.1.2.2 If excess ice is present, but is so uniformly distrib-uted that it is not easily apparent to the unaided eye, thematerial is designa
38、ted by the symbol Nbe. This condition mayoccur in very fine silty sands or coarse silts and can be verified5When the surface soils are mostly organic (peat) a more complete descriptioncan be achieved through use of the “Guide to a Field Description of Muskeg,” I. C.McFarlane, in Special Procedures f
39、or Testing Soil and Rock for EngineeringPurposes, 5th Ed., ASTM STP 479, 1970.NOTE 1Frozen soils in the N group may, on close examination, indicate presence of ice within the voids of the material by crystalline reflections orby a sheen on fractured or trimmed surfaces. The impression received by th
40、e unaided eye, however, is that none of the frozen water occupies space inexcess of the original voids in the soil. The opposite is true of frozen soils in the V group.NOTE 2When visual methods may be inadequate, a simple field test to aid evaluation of volume of excess ice can be made by placing so
41、me frozensoil in a small jar, allowing it to melt, and observing the quantity of supernatant water as a percentage of total volume.GroupSymbolSubgroupField IdentificationDescription SymbolPoorly bonded or friable NfIdentify by visual examination. To determine presence of excess ice, use procedure un
42、der Note 2and hand magnifying lens as necessary. For soils not fully saturated, estimate degree of icesaturation; medium, low. Note presence of crystals or of ice coatings around larger particles.NNo excess iceWell-bondedExcess iceNbNbnNbeFIG. 2 Description of Frozen SoilsIce Not VisibleD 4083 89 (2
43、007)3by placing some frozen soil in a graduated jar, allowing it tomelt, and observing the quantity of supernatant water as apercentage of the total volume. See Fig. 2.8.2 Frozen soils in which significant segregated ice isvisible to the unaided eye, but individual ice masses or layersare less than
44、1 in. (25 mm) in thickness are designated by thesymbol V. These are divided into five subgroups as shown inFig. 3.8.2.1 The symbol Vxdesignates those frozen soils whichcontain individual ice crystals or inclusions. See Fig. 3.8.2.2 The symbol Vcdesignates those frozen soils in whichthe ice occurs as
45、 coatings on particles.8.2.3 The symbol Vrdesignates frozen soil masses withrandom or irregularly oriented ice formations.8.2.4 The symbol Vsdesignates that the frozen soil isinterspersed with stratified or distinctly oriented ice forma-tions.8.2.5 The symbol Vudesignates visible ice, uniformly dis-
46、tributed throughout the soil mass.NOTE 2When more than one subgroup characteristic is present in thesame material, multiple subgroup designations such as Vs,rmay be used.9. Part III, Description of Substantial Ice Strata9.1 Ice strata that are greater than 1 in. (25 mm) in thicknessare designated by
47、 the symbol ICE and divided into twosubgroups as shown in Fig. 4.9.1.1 If the ice stratum contains soil inclusions, it is desig-nated as ICE + Soil Type.9.1.2 If the ice stratum contains no soil inclusions,itisdesignated simply as ICE.10. Identification of Frozen Soils10.1 Figs. 2-4 also contain inf
48、ormation that is helpful indetermining the proper identification of a frozen soil mass. Thevarious items listed which pertain to the ice phase should berecorded whenever applicable.10.2 When greater detail and more specific information aredesired than is obtainable from visual inspection, additional
49、physical tests and measurements may be performed on thefrozen or thawed soil, or both. These may include in-placetemperature, density, water content, stress-strain characteris-tics, thermal properties, and ice crystal structure.11. Keywords11.1 frozen; ice; permafrost; soil; undisturbedNOTE 1Frozen soils in the N group may, on close examination, indicate presence of ice within the voids of the material by crystalline reflections orby a sheen on fractured or trimmed surfaces. The impression received by the unaided eye, however, is that none of the f
