1、Designation: D 4095 97 (Reapproved 2008)Standard Practice forUse of the Refractometer for Determining Nonvolatile Matter(Total Solids) in Floor Polishes1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 4095; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption
2、 or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This practice covers the use of a refractometer fordetermining the nonvolat
3、ile matter (total solids) in floorpolishes. This practice is also applicable to resin solutions andwax emulsions used in floor polishes.1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to es
4、tablish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D 1218 Test Method for Refractive Index and RefractiveDispersion of Hydrocarbon LiquidsD 2834 Test Method for Nonvolatile Matter (Total
5、Solids)in Water-Emulsion Floor Polishes, Solvent-Based FloorPolishes, and Polymer-Emulsion Floor Polishes3. Summary of Practice3.1 Solids (nonvolatile matter) and refractive index are usedas the basis for preparing curves that allow the use of refractiveindex as a fast, accurate means for determinin
6、g solids in floorpolishes, resin solutions, and wax emulsions.4. Significance and Use4.1 Solids (nonvolatile matter) determinations of polishes,resin solutions, and wax emulsions take 2 to4hinaccordancewith Test Method D 2834, not counting preparation time.4.2 Curves of solids/refractive index provi
7、de a means fordetermining solids in a matter of minutes.4.3 This practice is particularly useful for quality controland in process control for the production of polishes and polishcomponents.5. Apparatus5.1 RefractometerAn instrument capable of reading tofour decimal places.5.2 Water Bath, or other
8、means of controlling the tempera-ture of the refractometer prisms.6. Procedure6.1 Determine the nonvolatile matter in the polish, resin, orwax emulsion in accordance with Test Method D 2834 using aminimum of three and preferably four replicates. Record thearithmetic average.6.2 Adjust prism temperat
9、ure of the refractometer to 25Cthrough the use of a water bath. Temperatures of 20C and30C are also commonly used for refractive index work. Anyconvenient temperature may be used as long as that tempera-ture is used consistently.6.3 Standardize the refractometer using the procedure inTest Method D 1
10、218 or according to the refractometer manu-facturers instructions. In either case standard reference liquidsshould be used.6.4 Determine the refractive index of the process water usedfor preparation of the polish, resin, or wax emulsion accordingto the procedure in Test Method D 1218.6.5 Determine t
11、he refractive index of the same sample ofpolish, resin solution, or wax emulsion from 6.1 according tothe procedure in Test Method D 1218. (Take multiple readingsand record the arithmetic average.)6.6 Plot a curve of refractive index versus solids on standard(20 by 20/in.) graph paper.6.6.1 Use zero
12、 (0 %) solids and the refractive index of theprocess water as the origin.6.6.2 Plot the solids from 6.1 and the refractive index from6.5 as the second point. Draw a line connecting the origin to thesecond point. Curves, thus produced for polishes, resin solu-tions, and wax emulsions are usually stra
13、ight lines. Verificationmust be made by careful dilution (by weight) of the sample1This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D21 on Polishesand is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D21.03 on Chemical and PhysicalTesting.Current edition approved March 1, 2008. Published April
14、2008. Originallyapproved in 1982. Last previous edition approved in 2002 as D 4095 97 (2002).2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document
15、Summary page onthe ASTM website.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.with the process water; determine the refractive index of thediluted sample that should fall on the curve at the calculatedsolids.6.6.3 Curves should be
16、checked periodically by determiningsolids in accordance with Test Method D 2834 to make sure thecurve has not shifted. Generally, once a year is sufficient.6.6.4 Each formulation has its own individual curve. Chang-ing ingredients or ratios of ingredients in a particular formu-lation will change the
17、 slope of the curve and require develop-ment of a new curve for the revised composition.7. Some Practical Uses of the Data7.1 The curve plotted in 6.6.2 can be adapted in severalways to provide useful information and data for productioncontrol.7.1.1 The curve itself can be used to determine solids o
18、fpolish or polish components while in process.NOTE 1The useful area of the curve can be enlarged to provide easierreading with increased accuracy.7.1.2 The data from the curve can be used to prepare a tableof refractive index readings over a useful range of solids. Thisavoids the necessity of consta
19、nt reference to the actual plot ofthe curve.7.1.3 The data from the curve can be used to prepare a tableof “water to add” to achieve a specific solids. For eachrefractive index reading covering the range of interest there isa volume (gallons or litres) of water to add. Each batch ofmaterial produced
20、 must be brought to some specific, knownbase volume to use a “water to add” table.8. Cautions and Comments8.1 Refractive index is very sensitive to temperature. Agood rule of thumb is for every 1C temperature change therefractive index changes about 0.0002; as the temperatureincreases the refractive
21、 index decreases.8.2 Refractive index varies with different wave lengths oflight. Yellow light (sodium, D) is most commonly used. It isimportant to use a constant light source.8.3 Each laboratory must develop its own curves, based onsolids (nonvolatile matter) results, in its oven (and otherequipmen
22、t), its own refractometer and its own trained opera-tors.8.4 It is not important that absolute or even the samerefractive index readings be obtained from each laboratory ininterlaboratory tests on the same sample. Refractometers,operators, and conditions can vary significantly from labora-tory to la
23、boratory.8.5 Extrapolation of curves to significantly higher solids isnot recommended. Solids more than 3 % higher than the solidslevel used to develop the curve should not be attemptedwithout verification. For example, a curve developed for a20 % polish should not be extrapolated for use at 25 % so
24、lids;above 23 % a new curve should be considered.8.6 “Hand-held” refractometers can be used but at a con-siderable sacrifice in accuracy. These instruments may besufficiently accurate for in process monitoring.8.7 Opaque materials give less distinct light and dark areasthat make it somewhat more dif
25、ficult to adjust the critical edgeon the crosshairs.9. Precision and Bias9.1 The precision and bias of this practice is limited to thatattainable by solids determinations when using Test MethodD 2834.10. Keywords10.1 nonvolatile matter; polishes; refractometer solidscontentASTM International takes n
26、o position respecting the validity of any patent rights asserted in connection with any item mentionedin this standard. Users of this standard are expressly advised that determination of the validity of any such patent rights, and the riskof infringement of such rights, are entirely their own respon
27、sibility.This standard is subject to revision at any time by the responsible technical committee and must be reviewed every five years andif not revised, either reapproved or withdrawn. Your comments are invited either for revision of this standard or for additional standardsand should be addressed
28、to ASTM International Headquarters. Your comments will receive careful consideration at a meeting of theresponsible technical committee, which you may attend. If you feel that your comments have not received a fair hearing you shouldmake your views known to the ASTM Committee on Standards, at the ad
29、dress shown below.This standard is copyrighted by ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959,United States. Individual reprints (single or multiple copies) of this standard may be obtained by contacting ASTM at the aboveaddress or at 610-832-9585 (phone), 610-832-9555 (fax), or serviceastm.org (e-mail); or through the ASTM website(www.astm.org).D 4095 97 (2008)2
