1、Designation: D 4097 01An American National StandardStandard Specification forContact-Molded Glass-Fiber-Reinforced Thermoset ResinCorrosion-Resistant Tanks1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 4097; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adopt
2、ion or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.1.
3、Scope1.1 This specification covers cylindrical tanks fabricated bycontact molding for above-ground vertical installation, tocontain aggressive chemicals at essentially atmospheric pres-sure, and made of a commercial-grade polyester or vinyl ester,resin. Included are requirements for materials, prope
4、rties,design, construction, dimensions, tolerances, workmanship,and appearance.1.2 This specification does not cover the design of vesselsintended for pressure above hydrostatic, vacuum conditions,except as classified herein, or vessels intended for use withliquids heated above their flash points.1.
5、3 The values given in parentheses are provided for infor-mation purposes only.NOTE 1Special design consideration should be given to vesselssubject to superimposed mechanical forces, such as earthquakes, windload, or agitation, to vessels subject to service temperature in excess of180F (82C), and to
6、vessels with unsupported bottoms.NOTE 2There is no similar or equivalent ISO standard.1.4 The following safety hazards caveat pertains only to thetest method portion, Section 11, of this specification: Thisstandard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns,if any, associated with its us
7、e. It is the responsibility of the userof this standard to establish appropriate safety and healthpractices and determine the applicability of regulatory limita-tions prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:C 581 Practice for Determining Chemical Resistance ofThermosetting Resins Used
8、 in Glass Fiber ReinforcedStructures Intended for Liquid Service2C 582 Specification for Contact-Molded Reinforced Ther-mosetting Plastic (RTP) Laminates for Corrosion ResistantEquipment2D 618 Practice for Conditioning Plastics and ElectricalInsulation Materials for Testing3D 638 Test Method for Ten
9、sile Properties of Plastics3D 790 Test Methods for Flexural Properties of Unreinforcedand Reinforced Plastics and Electrical Insulating Materi-als2D 883 Terminology Relating to Plastics3D 2150 Specification for Woven Roving Glass Fabric forPolyester-Glass Laminates4D 2583 Test Method for Indentation
10、 Hardness of RigidPlastics by Means of a Barcol Impressor5D 2584 Test Method for Ignition Loss of Cured ReinforcedResins5D 2996 Specification for Filament-Wound “Fiberglass”(Glass-Fiber-Reinforced Thermosetting-Resin) Pipe2D 2997 Specification for Centrifugally Cast “Fiberglass”(Glass-Fiber-Reinforc
11、ed Thermosetting-Resin) Pipe2D 3892 Practice for Packaging/Packing of Plastics6D 4024 Specification for Machine Made FiberglassFlanges2D 5421 Specification for Contact Molded FiberglassFlanges2F 412 Terminology Relating to Plastic Piping Systems22.2 ANSI Standards:B 16.1 Cast Iron Pipe Flanges and F
12、langed Fittings, Class25, 125, 250, and 8007B 16.5 Steel Pipe Flanges, Flanged Valves and Fittings73. Terminology3.1 DefinitionsDefinitions are in accordance with Termi-nologies D 883 and F 412, unless otherwise indicated.3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.2.1 contact moldinginclud
13、es the “hand lay-up” or acombination of the “hand lay-up” and the “spray-up” manu-facturing processes.1This specification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D-20 onPlastics and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D20.23 on ReinforcedPlastic Piping Systems and Chemical Equipment.Cur
14、rent edition approved June 10, 2001. Published September 2001. Originallypublished D 4097 82. Last previous edition D 4097 95ae3.2Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 08.04.3Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 08.01.4Discontinued, see 1986 Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 08.02.5Annual Book of ASTM S
15、tandards, Vol 08.02.6Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 08.03.7Available from the American National Standards Institute, 11 W. 42nd Street,13th Floor, New York, NY 10036.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.4. Classificati
16、on4.1 Tanks meeting this specification are classified accordingto type. It is the responsibility of the purchaser to specify therequirement for Type II tanks, the operating pressure orvacuum levels, and the safety factor required for externalpressure. Absence of a designation of type required shall
17、implythat Type I is adequate.4.1.1 Type IAtmospheric pressure tanks vented directly tothe atmosphere, designed for pressure no greater or lower thanatmospheric.4.1.2 Type IIAtmospheric pressure tanks vented directlyinto a fume conservation system, and designed to withstand,the specified positive and
18、 negative pressure not to exceed 14 in.of water (355.6 mm) when all tie-down lugs are properlysecured, in accordance with the fabricators recommendationsfor flat-bottom tanks.4.2 Tanks meeting this specification are classified accordingto type as follows:4.2.1 Grade 1Tanks manufactured with a single
19、 generictype of thermoset resin throughout.4.2.2 Grade 2Tanks manufactured with different generictypes of thermoset resin in the barrier and the structuralportion.NOTE 3The external corrosive environment due to spillage or corro-sive vapors should be considered when specifying Grade 2 tanks (see7.1.
20、3.3).5. Materials and Manufacture5.1 ResinThe resin used shall be a commercial grade,corrosion-resistant thermoset that has either been evaluated ina laminate by test in accordance with 11.3, or that has beendetermined by previous documented service to be acceptablefor the service conditions. Where
21、service conditions have notbeen evaluated, a suitable resin may also be selected byagreement between fabricator and purchaser.5.1.1 The resin shall contain no pigment, dyes, colorants, orfiller, except as follows:5.1.1.1 A thixotropic agent that does not interfere withvisual inspection of laminate q
22、uality, or with the requiredcorrosion resistance of the laminate, may be added for viscos-ity control.NOTE 4The addition of a thixotropic agent may reduce the resistanceof many resin systems to certain corrosive chemical environments. It is theresponsibility of the fabricator, using a thixotropic ag
23、ent in the resinrequired for 7.1.1 and 7.1.2, to ascertain its compatibility with thecorrosive environment when this has been reported by the purchaser.5.1.1.2 Resin pastes used to fill crevices before overlay shallnot be subject to the limitation of 5.1.1.5.1.1.3 Resin may contain pigment, dyes, or
24、 colorants whenagreed upon between fabricator and purchaser.NOTE 5The addition of pigment, dyes, or colorants may interfere withvisual inspection of laminate quality.5.1.1.4 Ultraviolet absorbers may be added for improvedweather resistance if agreed upon between the fabricator andthe purchaser.5.1.1
25、.5 Antimony compounds or other fire-retardant agentsmay be added to halogenated resins for improved fire resis-tance, if agreed upon between the fabricator and the purchaser.NOTE 6Because the addition of fire-retardant agents may interferewith visual inspection of laminate quality, they should not b
26、e used in theinner surface (7.1.1) or interior layer (7.1.2), unless their functionaladvantages would outweigh the loss of visual inspection.5.2 Reinforcement:5.2.1 Chopped-Strand MatChopped-strand mat shall beconstructed from chopped commercial-grade E-type glassstrands bonded together using a bind
27、er. The strands should betreated with a sizing that is chemically compatible with theresin system used.NOTE 7The selection of the particular chopped-strand mat is depen-dent upon the performance characteristics required of the finished productand upon the processing techniques to be used.5.2.2 Nonwo
28、ven Biaxial or Unidirectal FabricTheseproducts shall be a commercial grade of E-type glass fiber witha sizing that is chemically compatible with the resin systemused.5.2.3 Woven RovingWoven roving shall be in accordancewith Specification D 2150.5.2.4 Surface MatThe reinforcement used for the innersu
29、rface (7.1.1) shall be either a commercial-grade chemicalresistant glass surface mat or an organic-fiber surface mat. Inenvironments that attack glass, the use of an organic-fibersurface mat is required.6. Design Requirements6.1 Straight ShellThe minimum required wall thicknessof the cylindrical str
30、aight shell at any fluid level shall bedetermined by the following equation, but shall not be less than316 in.:t 5 PD/2SH5 0.036 g HD/2SHor 0.2489 g HD/2SH!where:t = wall thickness, in. (mm),SH= allowable hoop tensile stress (not to exceed110 of theultimate hoop strength), psi (kPa) (see 11.8),P = p
31、ressure, psi (kPa),H = fluid head, in. (mm),g = specific gravity of fluid, andD = inside diameter of tank, in. (mm).NOTE 8The use of an accepted analytical technique, such as lami-nated plate theory (LPT), for design and analysis of composite vesselsmay predict stresses, strains, and strength on a p
32、ly-by-ply basis, givensome basic lamina properties.NOTE 9The calculation is suitable for the shell design of elevateddished-bottom tanks that are mounted or supported below the tangent ofthe dished-bottom head. Special consideration must be given to theloading on the straight shell at the support wh
33、en tank has mountingsupports located above the tangent line.NOTE 10Table X2.1, Appendix X2, illustrates minimum straight-shellwall thicknesses.6.2 Design for External Pressure:6.2.1 Cylindrical ShellsFor cylindrical shells, computethe value 1.73 (Do/t)0.5. If the result is less than L/Doof thecylind
34、er, compute Paas follows:Pa5 2.6E/F!Do/L! t/Do!2.5If the result is greater than L/Doof the cylinder, compute Paas follows:D 4097 012Pa52.6E/F!Do/L!t/Do!2.5L/Do! 2 0.45t/Do!0.5where:Do= outside diameter, in.,Et= hoop tensile modulus of the filament wound structurallaminate, psi (kPa),F = design facto
35、r = 5,L = design length, in. (mm), of a vessel section, taken asthe largest of the following: (a) the distance betweenhead tangent lines plus one-third the depth of eachformed head, if there are no stiffening rings (exclud-ing conical heads and sections); (b) the distancebetween cone-to-cylinder jun
36、ctions for vessels with acone or conical heads if there are no stiffening rings;(c) the greatest center-to-center distance between anytwo adjacent stiffening rings; (d) the distance from thecenter of the first stiffening ring to the formed headtangent line plus one-third the depth of the formedhead
37、(excluding conical heads and sections), allmeasured parallel to the axis of the vessel; (e) thedistance from the first stiffening ring in the cylinder tothe cone-to-cylinder junction,Pa= allowable external pressure, psi (kPa), andt = wall thickness, in. (mm) (nominal).6.2.2 Torispherical HeadsFor to
38、rispherical heads, com-pute the allowable external pressure, Pa, as follows:Pa5 0.36E/F!t/Ro!2where:Ro= outside crown radius of head, in. (mm).For toruspherical heads subject to internal loading, theknuckle radius shall be externally reinforced in accordancewith Fig. 1. The reinforcement thickness s
39、hall be equal to thethickness of the head as calculated above. The thickness of ajoint overlay near the knuckle radius tangent line of dishedhead contributes to the knuckle reinforcement.6.2.3 Stiffening RingsThe required moment of inertia, Is,of a circumferential stiffening ring for cylindrical she
40、lls underexternal pressure or internal vacuum shall not be less than thatdetermined by the following:Is5 PLsD3F/24Ehwhere:Do= shell outside diameter, in. (mm),Eh= hoop tensile modulus, psi (kPa),F = design factor = 5,Is= moment of inertia, in.4(mm4), of stiffener for theeffective length of shell, Ls
41、,Ls= one-half of the distance from the centerline of thestiffening ring to the next line of support on one side,plus one-half of the centerline distance to the next lineof support on the other side of the stiffening ring, bothmeasured parallel to the axis of the cylinder, in. A lineof support is the
42、 following: ( a) a stiffening ring thatmeets the requirements of this paragraph; (b)acircumferential line on a head at one-third the depthof the head from the head tangent line; ( c)acone-to-cylinder junction,P = actual external pressure, psi (kPa).Typical half-round stiffener sizes and dimensions f
43、or differ-ent values of Isare shown in Fig. 4. Other stiffener profilesmeeting the required moment of inertia may be used.6.3 Top HeadThe top head, regardless of shape, shall beable to support a 250-lb (113.4 kg) load ona4by4-in. (100 by100 mm) area without damage and with a maximum deflectionof12 %
44、 of the tank diameter.6.3.1 The minimum thickness of the top head shall be316 in.(4.8 mm).NOTE 11Support of auxiliary equipment, snow load, or operatingpersonnel, may require additional reinforcement or the use of stiffeningribs, or both, sandwich construction, or other stiffening systems.6.4 Bottom
45、 Head:6.4.1 The minimum thickness for a fully supported flat-bottom head shall be as follows:316 in. (4.8 mm) for 2 to 6-ft (0.6 to 1.8-m) diameter,14 in. (6.4 mm) for over 6 to 12-ft (1.8 to 3.7-m) diameter, and38 in. (9.5 mm) for over 12-ft (3.7-m) diameter.6.4.2 Bottom heads may be molded integra
46、lly with thestraight-shell, or may be molded separately with a straightflange length for subsequent joining to shell.6.4.3 The radius of the bottom knuckle of a flat-bottom tankshall be not less than 1 in. (25 mm) on tanks 4 ft or smaller indiameter and 1.5 in. (38 mm) on tanks larger than 4 ft indi
47、ameter. The minimum thickness of the radiused section shallbe equal to the combined thickness of the shell wall and thebottom. The reinforcement of the knuckle-radius area shalltaper so that it is tangent to the flat bottom, and shall not extendbeyond the tangent line onto the tank bottom, unless me
48、thodsof manufacture are used that maintain flat-bottom configura-tion, and shall extend up the vertical tank wall a minimum oflength “L” of 8 in. (203 mm) on tanks up to 4 ft (1219 mm) indiameter, and 12 in. (304 mm) on tanks over 4 ft (1219 mm) indiameter. The reinforcement shall then taper into th
49、e side wallover an additional length “ M” of 4 in. (102 mm) (see Fig. 2).Methods of manufacture that incorporate stiffening bands as ameans of knuckle stabilization, are permissible alternatives byFIG. 1 Jointed Head Detail(Sketch A)D 4097 013agreement between purchaser and fabricator, provided that thefabricator can document the validity of design.6.4.4 The tank bottom shall not have variations from anominally flat plane that would prevent uniform contact of theentire bottom surface with a properly prepared support surfacewhen the ta
