1、Designation: D4097 01 (Reapproved 2010)D4097 18 An American National StandardStandard Specification forContact-Molded Glass-Fiber-Reinforced Thermoset ResinCorrosion-Resistant Tanks1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D4097; the number immediately following the designation indicates
2、the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the U
3、.S. Department of Defense.1. Scope1.1 This specification covers cylindrical tanks fabricated by contact molding for above-ground vertical installation, to containaggressive chemicals at essentially atmospheric pressure, and made of a commercial-grade polyester or vinyl ester, resin. Includedare requ
4、irements for materials, properties, design, construction, dimensions, tolerances, workmanship, and appearance.1.2 This specification does not cover the design of vessels intended for pressure above hydrostatic, atmospheric or undervacuum conditions, except as classified herein, or vessels intended f
5、or use with liquids heated above their flash points.1.3 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are provided forinformation purposes only.NOTE 1Special design consideration should be given to vessels subject to superimposed mechanical for
6、ces, such as earthquakes, wind load, oragitation, to vessels subject to service temperature in excess of 180F (82C), and to vessels with unsupported bottoms.NOTE 2There is no known ISO equivalent to this standard.1.4 Special design consideration shall be given to tanks subject to environmental and/o
7、r mechanical forces such seismic, wind,ice, agitation, or fluid dynamic forces, to operational service temperatures greater than 180F (82C) and to tanks with unsupportedbottoms.1.5 The following safety hazards caveat pertains only to the test method portion, Section 11, of this specification: This s
8、tandarddoes not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of thisstandard to establish appropriate safety safety, health, and healthenvironmental practices and determine the applicability ofregulatory limitations prior to use
9、.NOTE 1There is no known ISO equivalent to this standard.1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardizationestablished in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issue
10、dby the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2C581 Practice for Determining Chemical Resistance of Thermosetting Resins Used in Glass-Fiber-Reinforced StructuresIntended for Liquid ServiceC582 Specification for Contact-Molded
11、Reinforced Thermosetting Plastic (RTP) Laminates for Corrosion-Resistant EquipmentD618 Practice for Conditioning Plastics for TestingD638 Test Method for Tensile Properties of PlasticsD790 Test Methods for Flexural Properties of Unreinforced and Reinforced Plastics and Electrical Insulating Material
12、sD883 Terminology Relating to PlasticsD2150 Specification for Woven Roving Glass Fabric for Polyester-Glass Laminates (Withdrawn 1987)31 This specification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D20 on Plastics and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D20.23 on Reinforced Plastic Piping
13、Systems and Chemical Equipment.Current edition approved Jan. 1, 2010Aug. 1, 2018. Published January 2010August 2018. Originally approved in 1982. Last previous edition approved in 20012010 asD4097 - 01.D4097 - 01(2010). DOI: 10.1520/D4097-01R10.10.1520/D4097-18.2 For referencedASTM standards, visit
14、theASTM website, www.astm.org, or contactASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standardsvolume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page on the ASTM website.3 The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced on www.astm.org.This document
15、 is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Becauseit may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appr
16、opriate. In all cases only the current versionof the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States1D2583 Test Method for Indentation Hardness of Rigid Plastics
17、by Means of a Barcol ImpressorD2584 Test Method for Ignition Loss of Cured Reinforced ResinsD2996 Specification for Filament-Wound “Fiberglass” (Glass-Fiber-Reinforced Thermosetting-Resin) PipeD2997 Specification for Centrifugally Cast “Fiberglass” (Glass-Fiber-Reinforced Thermosetting-Resin) PipeD3
18、892 Practice for Packaging/Packing of PlasticsD4024 Specification for Machine Made “Fiberglass” (Glass-Fiber-Reinforced Thermosetting Resin) FlangesD5421 Specification for Contact Molded “Fiberglass” (Glass-Fiber-Reinforced Thermosetting Resin) FlangesF412 Terminology Relating to Plastic Piping Syst
19、ems2.2 ANSI Standards:B 16.1 Cast Iron Pipe Flanges and Flanged Fittings, Class 25, 125, 250, and 8004B 16.5 Steel Pipe Flanges, Flanged Valves and Fittings43. Terminology3.1 DefinitionsDefinitions are in accordance with Terminologies D883 and F412, unless otherwise indicated.3.2 Definitions of Term
20、s Specific to This Standard:3.2.1 contact moldingincludes the “hand lay-up” or a combination of the “hand lay-up” and the “spray-up” manufacturingprocesses.3.2.1 contact moldingincludes the “hand lay-up” or a combination of the “hand lay-up” and the “spray-up” manufacturingprocesses.4. Classificatio
21、n4.1 Tanks meeting this specification are classified according to type. It is the responsibility of the purchaser to specify therequirement forType II tanks, the operating pressure or vacuum levels, and the safety factor required for external pressure.Absenceof a designation of type required shall i
22、mply that Type I is adequate.4.1.1 Type IAtmospheric pressure tanks vented directly to the atmosphere, designed for pressure no greater or lower thanatmospheric.4.1.2 Type IIAtmospheric pressure tanks vented directly into a fume conservation system, and designed to withstand, thespecified positive a
23、nd negative pressure not to exceed 14 in. of water (355.6 mm) when all tie-down lugs are properly secured,in accordance with the fabricators recommendations for flat-bottom tanks.4.2 Tanks meeting this specification are classified according to type as follows:4.2.1 Grade 1Tanks manufactured with a s
24、ingle generic type of thermoset resin throughout.4.2.2 Grade 2Tanks manufactured with different generic types of thermoset resin in the barrier and the structural portion.NOTE 2The external corrosive environment due to spillage or corrosive vapors should be considered when specifying Grade 2 tanks (
25、see 7.1.3.3).5. Materials and Manufacture5.1 ResinThe resin used shall be a commercial grade, corrosion-resistant thermoset that has either been evaluated in alaminate by test in accordance with 11.3, or that has been determined by previous documented service to be acceptable for theservice conditio
26、ns. Where service conditions have not been evaluated, a suitable resin may also be selected by agreement betweenfabricator and purchaser.5.1.1 The resin shall contain no pigment, dyes, colorants, or filler, except as follows:5.1.1.1 A thixotropic agent that does not interfere with visual inspection
27、of laminate quality, or with the required corrosionresistance of the laminate, may be added for viscosity control.NOTE 3The addition of a thixotropic agent may reduce the resistance of many resin systems to certain corrosive chemical environments. It is theresponsibility of the fabricator, using a t
28、hixotropic agent in the resin required for 7.1.1 and 7.1.2, to ascertain its compatibility with the corrosiveenvironment when this has been reported by the purchaser.5.1.1.2 Resin pastes used to fill crevices before overlay shall not be subject to the limitation of 5.1.1.5.1.1.3 Resin may contain pi
29、gment, dyes, or colorants when agreed upon between fabricator and purchaser.NOTE 4The addition of pigment, dyes, or colorants may interfere with visual inspection of laminate quality.5.1.1.4 Ultraviolet absorbers may be added for improved weather resistance if agreed upon between the fabricator and
30、thepurchaser.5.1.1.5 Antimony compounds or other fire-retardant agents may be added to halogenated resins for improved fire resistance, ifagreed upon between the fabricator and the purchaser.NOTE 5Because the addition of fire-retardant agents may interfere with visual inspection of laminate quality,
31、 they should not be used in the innersurface (7.1.1) or interior layer (7.1.2), unless their functional advantages would outweigh the loss of visual inspection.4 Available from American National Standards Institute (ANSI), 25 W. 43rd St., 4th Floor, New York, NY 10036, http:/www.ansi.org.D4097 1825.
32、2 Reinforcement:5.2.1 Chopped-Strand MatChopped-strand mat shall be constructed from chopped commercial-grade E-type glass strandsbonded together using a binder. The strands should be treated with a sizing that is chemically compatible with the resin systemused.NOTE 6The selection of the particular
33、chopped-strand mat is dependent upon the performance characteristics required of the finished product andupon the processing techniques to be used.5.2.2 Nonwoven Biaxial or Unidirectal FabricThese products shall be a commercial grade of E-type glass fiber with a sizingthat is chemically compatible w
34、ith the resin system used.5.2.3 Woven RovingWoven roving shall be in accordance with Specification D2150.5.2.4 Surface MatThe reinforcement used for the inner surface (7.1.1) shall be either a commercial-grade chemical resistantglass surface mat or an organic-fiber surface mat. In environments that
35、attack glass, the use of an organic-fiber surface mat isrequired.6. Design Requirements6.1 Straight ShellThe minimum required wall thickness of the cylindrical straight shell at any fluid level shall be determinedby the following equation, but shall not be less than 316 in.:t 5PD/2SH 50.036 HD/2SH o
36、r 0.2489 HD/2S H!where:t = wall thickness, in. (mm),SH = allowable hoop tensile stress (not to exceed 110 of the ultimate hoop strength), psi (kPa) (see 11.8),P = pressure, psi (kPa),H = fluid head, in. (mm), = specific gravity of fluid, andD = inside diameter of tank, in. (mm).NOTE 7The use of an a
37、ccepted analytical technique, such as laminated plate theory (LPT), for design and analysis of composite vessels may predictstresses, strains, and strength on a ply-by-ply basis, given some basic lamina properties.NOTE 8The calculation is suitable for the shell design of elevated dished-bottom tanks
38、 that are mounted or supported below the tangent of thedished-bottom head. Special consideration must be given to the loading on the straight shell at the support when tank has mounting supports located abovethe tangent line.NOTE 9Table X2.1, Appendix X2, illustrates minimum straight-shell wall thic
39、knesses.6.2 Design for External Pressure:6.2.1 Cylindrical ShellsFor cylindrical shells, compute the value 1.73 (Do/t)0.5. If the result is less than L/Do of the cylinder,compute Pa as follows:Pa 52.6E/F!D o/L! t/Do!2.5If the result is greater than L/Do of the cylinder, compute Pa as follows:Pa 52.6
40、E/F!Do/L!t/Do!2.5L/Do! 20.45t/Do!0.5where:Do = outside diameter, in.,Et = hoop tensile modulus of the filament wound structural laminate, psi (kPa),F = design factor = 5,L = design length, in. (mm), of a vessel section, taken as the largest of the following: (a) the distance between head tangentline
41、s plus one-third the depth of each formed head, if there are no stiffening rings (excluding conical heads and sections);(b) the distance between cone-to-cylinder junctions for vessels with a cone or conical heads if there are no stiffening rings;(c) the greatest center-to-center distance between any
42、 two adjacent stiffening rings; (d) the distance from the center of thefirst stiffening ring to the formed head tangent line plus one-third the depth of the formed head (excluding conical headsand sections), all measured parallel to the axis of the vessel; (e) the distance from the first stiffening
43、ring in the cylinderto the cone-to-cylinder junction,Pa = allowable external pressure, psi (kPa), andt = wall thickness, in. (mm) (nominal).6.2.2 Torispherical HeadsFor torispherical heads, compute the allowable external pressure, Pa, as follows:Pa 50.36E/F!t/R o!2where:Ro = outside crown radius of
44、head, in. (mm).D4097 183For toruspherical heads subject to internal loading, the knuckle radius shall be externally reinforced in accordance with Fig. 1.The reinforcement thickness shall be equal to the thickness of the head as calculated above. The thickness of a joint overlay nearthe knuckle radiu
45、s tangent line of dished head contributes to the knuckle reinforcement.6.2.3 Stiffening RingsThe required moment of inertia, Is, of a circumferential stiffening ring for cylindrical shells underexternal pressure or internal vacuum shall not be less than that determined by the following:Is 5PLsD3 F/2
46、4Ehwhere:Do = shell outside diameter, in. (mm),Eh = hoop tensile modulus, psi (kPa),F = design factor = 5,Is = moment of inertia, in.4(mm4), of stiffener for the effective length of shell, Ls,Ls = one-half of the distance from the centerline of the stiffening ring to the next line of support on one
47、side, plus one-half ofthe centerline distance to the next line of support on the other side of the stiffening ring, both measured parallel to the axisof the cylinder, in. A line of support is the following: (a) a stiffening ring that meets the requirements of this paragraph;(b) a circumferential lin
48、e on a head at one-third the depth of the head from the head tangent line; (c) a cone-to-cylinderjunction,P = actual external pressure, psi (kPa).Typical half-round stiffener sizes and dimensions for different values of Is are shown in Fig. 4. Other stiffener profiles meetingthe required moment of i
49、nertia may be used.6.3 Top HeadThe top head, regardless of shape, shall be able to support a 250-lb (113.4 kg) load on a 4 by 4-in. (100 by 100mm) area without damage and with a maximum deflection of 12 % of the tank diameter.6.3.1 The minimum thickness of the top head shall be 316 in. (4.8 mm).NOTE 10Support of auxiliary equipment, snow load, or operating personnel, may require additional reinforcement or the use of stiffening ribs, or both,sandwich construction, or other stiffening systems.6.4 Bottom Head:6.4.1 The minimum t
