1、Designation: D4104 96 (Reapproved 2010)1D4104 17Standard Test Method(Analytical Procedure) for Determining Transmissivity ofNonleaky Confined Aquifers by Overdamped Well Responseto Instantaneous Change in Head (Slug Tests)1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D4104; the number immedia
2、tely following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1 NOTEThe units sta
3、tement in 1.4 was revised editorially in August 2010.1. Scope Scope*1.1 This test method covers the determination of transmissivity from the measurement of force-free (overdamped) response ofa well-aquifer system to a sudden change of water level in a well. Force-free response of water level in a we
4、ll to a sudden changein water level is characterized by recovery to initial water level in an approximate exponential manner with negligible inertialeffects.1.2 The analytical procedure in this test method is used in conjunction with the field procedure in Test Method D4044 forcollection of test dat
5、a.1.3 LimitationsSlug tests are considered to provide an estimate of transmissivity.Although the assumptions of this test methodprescribe a fully penetrating well (a well open through the full thickness of the aquifer), the slug test method is commonlyconducted using a partially penetrating well. Su
6、ch a practice may be acceptable for application under conditions in which theaquifer is stratified and horizontal hydraulic conductivity is much greater than vertical hydraulic conductivity. In such a case thetest would be considered to be representative of the average hydraulic conductivity of the
7、portion of the aquifer adjacent to theopen interval of the well.1.4 All observed and calculated values shall conform to the guidelines for significant digits and rounding established in PracticeD6026.1.4.1 The procedures used to specify how data are collected/recorded and calculated in the standard
8、are regarded as the industrystandard. In addition, they are representative of the significant digits that generally should be retained. The procedures used do notconsider material variation, purpose for obtaining the data, special purpose studies, or any considerations for the users objectives;and i
9、t is common practice to increase or reduce significant digits of reported data to be commensurate with these considerations.It is beyond the scope of these test methods to consider significant digits used in analysis methods for engineering data.1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded a
10、s standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibilityof the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety safety, health, and healthenvironmen
11、tal practices and determine theapplicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardizationestablished in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guide
12、s and Recommendations issuedby the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D653 Terminology Relating to Soil, Rock, and Contained Fluids1 This test method is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee D18 on Soil and Rock and is th
13、e direct responsibility of Subcommittee D18.21 on Groundwater andVadoseZone Investigations.Current edition approved Aug. 1, 2010Nov. 1, 2017. Published September 2010November 2017. Originally approved in 1991. Last previous edition approved in 20042010as D4104 96 (2004).(2010)1. DOI: 10.1520/D4104-9
14、6R10E01.10.1520/D4104-17.2 For referencedASTM standards, visit theASTM website, www.astm.org, or contactASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standardsvolume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page on the ASTM website.This document is not an ASTM standar
15、d and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Becauseit may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases o
16、nly the current versionof the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standardCopyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States1D3740 Practice for
17、Minimum Requirements for Agencies Engaged in Testing and/or Inspection of Soil and Rock as Used inEngineering Design and ConstructionD4043 Guide for Selection of Aquifer Test Method in Determining Hydraulic Properties by Well TechniquesD4044 Test Method for (Field Procedure) for Instantaneous Change
18、 in Head (Slug) Tests for Determining Hydraulic Propertiesof AquifersD4750 Test Method for Determining Subsurface Liquid Levels in a Borehole or Monitoring Well (Observation Well)(Withdrawn 2010)3D5912 Test Method for (Analytical Procedure) Determining Hydraulic Conductivity of an Unconfined Aquifer
19、 by OverdampedWell Response to Instantaneous Change in Head (Slug) (Withdrawn 2013)3D6026 Practice for Using Significant Digits in Geotechnical Data3. Terminology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 For definitions of common technical terms used in this standard, refer to Terminology D653.3.2 Definitions of Terms
20、Specific to This Standard:3.2.1 aquifer, confinedan aquifer bounded above and below by confining beds and in which the static head is above the topof the aquifer.3.2.2 observation wella well open to all or part of an aquifer.3.2.3 transmissivitythe volume of water at the existing kinematic viscosity
21、 that will move in a unit time under a unit hydraulicgradient through a unit width of the aquifer.3.3 Definitions:The following terms used in this standard are contained in Terminology D653 and provided here for theconvenience of the user.3.1.1 aquifer, confinedan aquifer bounded above and below by
22、confining beds and in which the static head is above the topof the aquifer.3.3.1 confining beda hydrogeologic unit of less permeable material bounding one or more aquifers.3.3.2 control wellwell by which the aquifer is stressed, for example, by pumping, injection, or change of head.3.1.4 head, stati
23、cthe height above a standard datum of the surface of a column of water (or other liquid) that can be supportedby the static pressure at a given point.3.3.3 hydraulic conductivity(field aquifer tests), the volume of water at the existing kinematic viscosity that will move in aunit time under a unit h
24、ydraulic gradient through a unit area measured at right angles to the direction of flow.3.1.6 observation wella well open to all or part of an aquifer.3.3.4 overdamped-well responsecharacterized by the water level returning to the static level in an approximately exponentialmanner following a sudden
25、 change in water level. (See for comparison underdamped-well response.)3.3.5 sluga volume of water or solid object used to induce a sudden change of head in a well.3.1.9 specific storagethe volume of water released from or taken into storage per unit volume of the porous medium per unitchange in hea
26、d.3.1.10 storage coeffcientthe volume of water an aquifer releases from or takes into storage per unit surface area of the aquiferper unit change in head. For a confined aquifer, the storage coefficient is equal to the product of specific storage and aquiferthickness. For an unconfined aquifer, the
27、storage coefficient is approximately equal to the specific yield.3.1.11 transmissivitythe volume of water at the existing kinematic viscosity that will move in a unit time under a unithydraulic gradient through a unit width of the aquifer.3.3.6 underdamped-well responsehead, staticresponse character
28、ized by the water level oscillating about the static waterlevel following a sudden change in water level. (See for comparison the height above a standard datum of the surface of a columnof water (or other liquid) that can be supported by the static pressure at a given point.overdamped-well response.
29、)3.1.13 For definitions of other terms used in this test method, see Terminology D653.3.4 Symbols:3.4.1 J0ndzero-order Bessel function of the first kind.3.4.2 J1ndfirst-order Bessel function of the first kind.3.4.3 KLT1hydraulic conductivity.3.4.4 T L2T1transmissivity.3 The last approved version of
30、this historical standard is referenced on www.astm.org.D4104 1723.4.5 S ndstorage coefficient.3.4.6 Y0ndzero order Bessel function of the second kind.3.4.7 Y1ndfirst order Bessel function of the second kind.3.4.8 rc Lradius of control-well casing or open hole in interval where water level changes.3.
31、4.9 rw Lradius of control well screen or open hole adjacent to water bearing unit.3.4.10 uvariable of integration.3.4.11 H Lchange in head in control well.3.4.12 HoLinitial head rise (or decline) in control well.3.4.13 ttime.3.4.14 Tt/rc2.3.4.15 rw2S/rc2.4. Summary of Test Method4.1 This test method
32、 describes the analytical procedure for analyzing data collected during an instantaneous head (slug) testusing an overdamped well.The field procedures in conducting a slug test are given inTest Method D4044.The analytical procedureconsists of analyzing the recovery of water level in the well followi
33、ng the change in water level induced in the well.4.2 SolutionThe solution given by Cooper et al (1)4 is as follows:H 52Ho *0exp 2u2/!J0 ur/rw! (1)uY0u! 22Y1u!# 2Y0ur/rw!uJ0u! 22J1u!# /u!#duwhere:5rw 2S/rc 2,5Tt/rc 2,and:u! 5uJ0u! 22J1u!# 21uY0u! 22Y1u!# 2NOTE 1See D5912 and Hvorslev (2) Bouwer and R
34、ice (3), and Bouwer (4). .5. Significance and Use5.1 Assumptions of Solution of Cooper et al (1):5.1.1 The head change in the control well is instantaneous at time t = 0.5.1.2 Well is of finite diameter and fully penetrates the aquifer.5.1.3 Flow in the nonleaky aquifer is radial.5.2 Implications of
35、 Assumptions:5.2.1 The mathematical equations applied ignore inertial effects and assume the water level returns the static level in anapproximate exponential manner. The geometric configuration of the well and aquifer are shown in Fig. 1.5.2.2 Assumptions are applicable to artesian or confined cond
36、itions and fully penetrating wells. However, this test method iscommonly applied to partially penetrating wells and in unconfined aquifers where it may provide estimates of hydraulicconductivity for the aquifer interval adjacent to the open interval of the well if the horizontal hydraulic conductivi
37、ty is significantlygreater than the vertical hydraulic conductivity.5.2.3 As pointed out by Cooper et al (1) the determination of storage coefficient by this test method has questionable reliabilitybecause of the similar shape of the curves, whereas, the determination of transmissivity is not as sen
38、sitive to choosing the correctcurve. However, the curve selected should not imply a storage coefficient unrealistically large or small.NOTE 2The quality of the result produced by this standard is dependent on the competence of the personnel performing it, and the suitability of theequipment and faci
39、lities used. Agencies that meet the criteria of Practice D3740 are generally considered capable of competent and objectivetesting/sampling/inspection/etc. Users of this standard are cautioned that compliance with Practice D3740 does not in itself assure reliable results. Reliableresults depend on ma
40、ny factors; Practice D3740 provides a means of evaluating some of those factors.NOTE 3Some published literature (5)have discussed the appropriateness of the slug test. These have not been universally accepted and the industrycontinues to use this test method.4 The boldface numbers in parentheses ref
41、er to a list of references at the end of the text.D4104 1736. Procedure6.1 The overall procedure consists of conducting the slug test field procedure (see Test Method D4044) and analysis of the fielddata, that is addressed in this test method.6.2 The integral expression in the solution given in (Eq
42、1) cannot be evaluated analytically. A graphical solution fordetermination of transmissivity and coefficient of storage can be made using a set of type curves that can be drawn from the valuesin Table 1.7. Calculation7.1 Prepare a semilogarithmic plot of a set of type curves of values of F(, ) = H/H
43、o, on the arithmetic scale, as a function of, on the logarithmic scale from the values of the functions in Table 1.7.2 Prepare a semilogarithmic plot of the same scale as that of the type-curve. Plot the water level data in the control well,expressed as a fraction, H/Ho, on the arithmetic scale, ver
44、sus time, t, on the logarithmic scale.NOTE 4If the water level rise is very rapid with a small disparity between the calculated and measured change in water level, then time = 0 can beused as the instant the change was initiated and Ho can be the calculated rise. If there is a significant time lag b
45、etween initiation of the head change andthe peak rise or decline is significantly less than the calculated change use t = 0 as the time of maximum observed change and take Ho as the maximumobserved change.7.3 Overlay the data plot on the set of type curve plots and, with the arithmetic axes coincide
46、nt, shift the data plot to match onecurve or an interpolated curve of the type curve set. A match point for beta, t, and alpha picked from the two graphs.7.4 Using the coordinates of the match line, determine the transmissivity and storage coefficient from the following equations:T 5rc 2/tand:S 5rc
47、2/rw 28. ReportData Sheets/Forms/Report8.1 Record as a minimum the following general information (data).8.2 Prepare a report including the information described in this section. The final report of the analytical procedure will includeinformation from the report on test method selection (see Guide D
48、4043) and the field testing procedure (see Test Method D4044).8.2.1 IntroductionThe introductory section is intended to present the scope and purpose of the slug test method fordetermining transmissivity and storage coefficient. Summarize the field hydrogeologic conditions and the field equipment an
49、dinstrumentation including the construction of the control well, and the method of measurement and of effecting a change in head.Discuss the rationale for selecting the method used (see Guide D4043).8.2.2 Hydrogeologic SettingReview information available on the hydrogeology of the site; interpret and describe thehydrogeology of the site as it pertains to the method selected for conducting and analyzing an aquifer test. Compare hydrogeologiccharacteristics of the site as
