1、Designation: D4131 84 (Reapproved 2014)Standard Practice forSampling Fish with Rotenone1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D4131; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number
2、in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This practice covers determination of the quantitativeand qualitative species composition of fish in a specified area.The successful use of th
3、is technique is dependent on: (1)preventing fish from escaping the sample area and (2) retriev-ing all affected fish, which may take up to three days.1.2 Advantages:1.2.1 Easily detoxified.1.2.2 All native freshwater fish are susceptible, but it haslow toxicity to mammals and birds.1.2.3 At low conc
4、entrations fish toxicity depends onspecies, age, and size.1.2.4 The suffocating action is reversible.1.3 Limitations:1.3.1 It is less effective in cold (below 20C) and highlyalkaline water.1.3.2 Smaller fish and those without air bladders usually donot float.1.3.3 Completely random selection of samp
5、le areas is notpossible.1.3.4 Overkill beyond sample area can sometimes occur.1.3.5 Food web organisms may be eliminated.1.4 Applicationsthis practice is useful in both short- andlong-term studies for management and impact assessmentpurposes. It is adaptable to both lotic and lentic situations inlit
6、toral and limnetic areas.1.5 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regardedas standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematicalconversions to SI units that are provided for information onlyand are not considered standard.1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafe
7、ty concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specifichazards, see Section 6.2. Referenced Document2.1 ASTM Standard
8、s:2D1193 Specification for Reagent Water3. Summary of Practice3.1 The sample area is blocked off with a small mesh net(s)and the volume of water to be treated is calculated. Therequired quantity of rotenone is diluted and distributedthroughout the water column in the sample area.All fish shouldbe af
9、fected and they should be collected for processing (1).34. Apparatus4.1 Vessels, for measuring and mixing rotenone and forcollecting fish.4.2 Chemical Applicator, for boat use.4.2.1 Venturi Siphon or Automatic Boat Bailer that attachesto outboard motors cavatation plate.4.2.2 Gasoline-Powered Pump a
10、nd Weighted PerforatedHose.4.3 Block-Off Net(s)14-in. (6.4-mm) bar mesh for lake-reservoir and small stream use or34 to 1-in. (19 to 25-mm) barmesh for larger streams).4.4 Dip nets, for collecting fish.4.5 Flat-Bottom Boats, 12 to 14-ft or larger.5. Reagents5.1 Purity of ReagentsReagent grade chemic
11、als shall beused in all tests. Unless otherwise indicated, it is intended thatall reagents conform to the specifications of the Committee onAnalytical Reagents of the American Chemical Society wheresuch specifications are available.4Other grades may be used,1This practice is under the jurisdiction o
12、f ASTM Committee D19 on Water andis the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D19.24 on Water Microbiology.Current edition approved Jan. 1, 2014. Published March 2014. Originallyapproved in 1984. Last previous edition addition approved in 2008 as D4131 84(2008). DOI: 10.1520/D4131-84R14.2For referen
13、ced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3The boldface numbers in parentheses refer to a list of references at the
14、 end ofthis standard.4Reagent Chemicals, American Chemical Society Specifications, AmericanChemical Society, Washington, DC. For suggestions on the testing of reagents notlisted by the American Chemical Society, see Analar Standards for LaboratoryChemicals, BDH Ltd., Poole, Dorset, U.K., and the Uni
15、ted States Pharmacopeiaand National Formulary, U.S. Pharmaceutical Convention, Inc. (USPC), Rockville,MD.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States1provided it is first ascertained that the reagent is of sufficientlyhigh purity t
16、o permit its use without lessening the accuracy ofthe determination.5.2 Purity of WaterUnless otherwise indicated, referencesto water shall be understood to mean Type II reagent waterconforming to Specification D1193.5.3 Rotenone, emulsion with 5 % active ingredient (2).5.4 Potassium Permanganate Cr
17、ystals, any size.6. Hazards6.1 Avoid skin-eye contact and ingestion.7. Procedures7.1 In lakes and reservoirs, fish samples can be obtained ifthe block-off net is long and deep enough.7.1.1 Four to six people and two boats are usually requiredto conduct a 1-acre (4046 m2) survey. The selected sample
18、areais first secured and delimited with the block-off net(s). Verifythat the nets are securely on the bottom with SCUBA divers orif shallow by walking along the net. The volume of water to betreated is calculated from the net perimeter and the average ofseveral depth readings through the area.7.1.2
19、The target concentration of rotenone in the samplearea is _ oz (0.5 to 2.0 mg/L) depending on water conditionsand whether a partial or complete kill is required (0.5 to 2 gal(1.89 to 7.57 L) 5 % liquid per 3 acre-ft will give thisconcentration). Mix the required amount of rotenone in a tuband dilute
20、 it with enough water to disperse uniformly over thesample area.7.1.3 Applied first along the block-off net(s) by pumpingthrough a weighted perforated hose or by a venturi siphonattached to the outboard motor. The remainder of the cove istreated in a zigzag pattern. In shallow waters it can be poure
21、dinto the prop wash.7.1.4 When fish start to surface, collect fish as quickly aspossible, or they will sink and may be lost.7.1.5 Detoxify by dispersing potassium permanganate equalto the rotenone concentration in the same manner as therotenone. Avoid dispersing excessive quantities of potassiumperm
22、anganate because it is also toxic to fish.7.2 In flowing streams and small rivers, fish samples can betaken, but as the size and volume increases, so does thecomplexity of the operation.7.2.1 Initial procedures are as explained in 7.1.1 and 7.1.2except two or more additional people are needed, diver
23、s are notusually necessary, and the block-off net is placed across thedownstream edge of the sample area.7.2.2 Apply the rotenone by pumping through a perforatedhose that is laid on the bottom across the stream at the upstreamedge of the sample area. The pump and rotenone supply can beon shore or in
24、 an anchored boat. In shallow streams rotenonecan be poured along the upstream edge. As soon as thetreatment begins, several floating plastic jugs are released inthe water to visually mark the progress of the rotenone slug.When rotenone has been dispensed, several more floating jugsare placed in the
25、 water.7.2.3 Collect surfacing fish in the downstream section andin front of the block-off net. Keep the net as free of debris aspossible. When the first floating jug reaches the net, disperseequivalent potassium permanganate concentration along thedownstream side of the block-off net until the last
26、 jugs havereached the net.7.2.4 Refs (3), (4), (5), and (6) are provided which give adetailed description of the process and equipment needed totake rotenone samples in streams up to 600 ft (183 m) acrossand 5000 ft3/s (141.6 m3/s).REFERENCES(1) Schnick, R. A., “A Review of the Literature on the Use
27、 of Rotenonein Fisheries,” PB-235-454, Bureau of Sport Fisheries and Wildlife,1974.(2) Anonymous. “Noxfish and Pro-Noxfish for Fisheries Management,”S. B. Penick and Co., 100 Church St., New York, N.Y., 1963.(3) Johnson, T. L. and Pasch, R. W., “Improved Rotenone SamplingEquipment for Streams,” Proc
28、eedings Annual Conference, SouthEastern Association of Game and Fish Commission. Vol 29, 1975, pp.4650.(4) Ober, R. D., “Operational Improvements for Rotenone Sampling onStreams,” Game and Fish Division, Georgia Department of NationalResources, Albany, Ga.(5) Holder, D. R., “A Technique for Using Ro
29、tenone to Sample FishPopulations in Georgias Warm Water Streams,” Game and FishDivision, Department of Natural Research, Atlanta, Ga. TechnicalReport No. 1, 1975. pp. 28.(6) Nelson, D. and Smith, D. W., “Rotenone Stream Fish Sampling inMichigan,” Michigan Department of Natural Resources, GrandRapids
30、, Mich. 1979, pp. 6.D4131 84 (2014)2ASTM International takes no position respecting the validity of any patent rights asserted in connection with any item mentionedin this standard. Users of this standard are expressly advised that determination of the validity of any such patent rights, and the ris
31、kof infringement of such rights, are entirely their own responsibility.This standard is subject to revision at any time by the responsible technical committee and must be reviewed every five years andif not revised, either reapproved or withdrawn. Your comments are invited either for revision of thi
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33、your views known to the ASTM Committee on Standards, at the address shown below.This standard is copyrighted by ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959,United States. Individual reprints (single or multiple copies) of this standard may be obtained by contacting ASTM at the aboveaddress or at 610-832-9585 (phone), 610-832-9555 (fax), or serviceastm.org (e-mail); or through the ASTM website(www.astm.org). Permission rights to photocopy the standard may also be secured from the ASTM website (www.astm.org/COPYRIGHT/).D4131 84 (2014)3
