1、Designation: D4146 10 (Reapproved 2018)Standard Test Method forFormability of Zinc-Rich Primer/Chromate ComplexCoatings on Steel1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D4146; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revis
2、ion, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This test method covers the evaluation of the formabilityand adhesion of factory applied zinc-rich pr
3、imer/chromatecomplex coatings on steel with thicknesses of 0.65 to 1.25 mm(0.025 to 0.05 in.) typical of those used in the coil coatingindustry.1.2 The degree of oil removal prior to forming, the tech-niques of taping, and differences in adhesive strength of thetape can affect the adhesion rating.1.
4、3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as thestandard. The values given in parentheses are for informationonly.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro
5、-priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter-mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.For a specific hazard statement, see Section 7.1.5 This international standard was developed in accor-dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-ization estab
6、lished in the Decision on Principles for theDevelopment of International Standards, Guides and Recom-mendations issued by the World Trade Organization TechnicalBarriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D3330/D3330M Test Method for PeelAdhesion of Pressure-Sensitive
7、 Tape2.2 Other Document:3Pictorial Standards of Coating Defects3. Terminology3.1 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.1.1 dome height, nthe height of the dome formed in thetest.3.1.2 indenting ball diameter, nthe diameter of thespherical-ended penetrator (ball) used to deform the specime
8、n.3.1.2.1 DiscussionThe 41-mm (158-in.) diameter ball wasselected because it minimizes the variability in the localizedpeak strain. This size ball is commercially available and is aslarge as most testing machines can accommodate.3.1.3 percent strain, nthe percent elongation of scribedgage lengths af
9、ter forming. For the draw height of 13 mm(0.512 in.), using a 158-in. diameter ball, the localized peakstrain is about 19 % (see Fig. 1).4. Summary of Test Method4.1 A coated specimen is biaxially stretched a given dis-tance in an appropriate machine, adhesive tape is applied to thedeformed area (do
10、me) and then pulled off, and the amount ofcoating removed is compared with a photographic standard todetermine the coating adhesion rating.5. Significance and Use5.1 The results of the combined deformation and tape testare related to the ability of the coated metal to withstandstamping in factory ap
11、plications.5.2 This test can be used to control the manufacturingprocess or in development work to improve the product.5.3 It should be recognized that variability in the resultspersist due to the test conditions and forming machine varia-tions.1This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Com
12、mittee D01 on Paintand Related Coatings, Materials, and Applications and is the direct responsibility ofSubcommittee D01.53 on Coil Coated Metal.Current edition approved Sept. 1, 2018. Published September 2018. Originallyapproved in 1983. Last previous edition approved in 2010 as D4146 10. DOI:10.15
13、20/D4146-10R18.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3Copies of the pictorial photographic referenc
14、e standard are contained in thepublication Pictorial Standards of Coating Defects and may be obtained from theFederation of Societies for Coatings Technology (FSCT), 492 Norristown Rd., BlueBell, PA 19422-2350, http:/www.coatingstech.org. The silver halide gelatin photo-graphs are intended to be the
15、 only primary reference standards for this test method.The reproductions of them in this test method are for the purpose of illustration only.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United StatesThis international standard was developed in
16、accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for theDevelopment of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.16. Apparatus and Materials
17、(see Fig. 2)6.1 Forming Machine, equipped with a spherical-endedpenetrator to deform the specimen with appropriate dies, untilthe required height is obtained, and clamping arrangement tohold the specimen with a minimum pressure of 8.9 kN (2000lbf).6.1.1 The speed of forming shall be between 4.8 and
18、25mm/min (0.2 and 1.0 in./min). The speed is usually slowed tomeasure more accurately the final height as shown on the dialindicator, but the final punch speed shall be controlled at 6 mm(0.24 in.)/min maximum.6.2 Indenting Ball, with a diameter of 41 mm (158 in.), aRockwell hardness number not less
19、 than 61 on the Rockwell Cscale (HRC), and a smooth surface finish not exceeding 4 m(160 in.). The indenting ball shall not deform during the test.The ball and holder shall move through the centerline of the topand bottom dies. The ball shall be clean and free of oil, grease,oxide buildup, rust, dir
20、t, nicks, or damage.6.3 Ball Holder, to hold the ball in its seat during the test.Most ball holders are removable so that other ball punchdeformation tests can be done in the same machine.6.4 Upper and Lower Dies with a hardness of 56 HRC orhigher. The upper die shall have an approach radius of 1.6
21、60.05 mm (0.0625 6 0.002 in.). The diameter of the opening inthe upper and lower die shall be 42 mm (1.64 in.). In mostmachines, these dies are removable.6.5 Dial Indicator, riding on the surface of the forming sheetto monitor the movement of the penetrator (ball) and graduatedso that the displaceme
22、nt, or ball height, can be measured atleast to 60 m (60.0025 in.) but preferably to 25 m (60.001in.).6.6 Adhesive Tape, 25 mm (1 in.) wide, transparent, high-tack, pressure-sensitive tape with an adhesive strength to steelof 50 g/mm (45 oz/in.) of width when tested in accordance withTest Method D333
23、0/D3330M, and a tensile strength of 500g/mm (28 lb/in.) of width.6.7 Photographic Standard4Steps in rating from 10(good, no removal) to 0 (poor, complete removal) to ratevisually the adhesion of the coating after forming and taperemoval by comparison with the adhesive-backed tape.7. Hazards7.1 There
24、 are possible hazards to personnel when perform-ing tests on any hydraulic equipment. Stand free when machineis operating.8. Sampling and Test Specimens8.1 SamplingThe coated steel coil is cut, usually at thehead or tail of the coil, into a sheet sample, which can be easilyhandled.8.2 Specimen SizeT
25、he specimens may be square or rect-angular but not narrower than 90 mm (3.5 in.) in eitherdimension. Strips of full width of the coil can be tested ifprecautions are taken not to nick or damage the adjacent domein the machine.4The photographic reference standards that are part of this test method an
26、d areprovided in the Pictorial Standards of Coating Defects Handbook3are representa-tive of the adhesion ratings. The photograph shown in Fig. 3 is for illustrationproposes only and should not be used for evaluation.Draw distance 0.512 in. (13 mm) Ball diameter 158 in. (41 mm)FIG. 1 Survey of Strain
27、 Over Biaxially Stretched DomeKey DimensionsInch-PoundMetric1 Test specimen _ _2 Spherical-ended penetrator (ball) 158 in. 41 mm3 Ball holder 4 Clamp force (minimum) 2000 lbf 8.9 kN5 Upper die; bore diameter 1.64 in. 42 mn6 Lower die; bore diameter 1.64 in. 42.mn7 Dome height 0.512 in. 13 mn8 Upper
28、die corner radius 0.0625 in. 1.6 mnFIG. 2 Tooling for Forming TestD4146 10 (2018)28.3 Specimen ThicknessThicknesses should be 0.64 to1.25 mm (0.025 to 0.05 in.). With thicknesses less than 0.025in., fracture of the steel may occur, in which case the domeheight can be reduced if agreed upon between t
29、he supplier andthe user of the sheet product. When thicknesses greater than0.05 in. are being tested, die modifications may be needed, butsuch modifications require agreement between the supplier andthe user.8.4 Test specimens shall be free of oil, grease, lubricants,rust, and burrs that may affect
30、the holding pressures or domeheight.8.4.1 Typically a light spindle oil is applied to reducecorrosion on the uncoated side of the coil.8.4.2 Remove oil, grease, and lubricants.9. Procedure9.1 Condition the specimens for at least 24 h at 23 6 2C(73.5 6 3.5F) and 50 6 5 % relative humidity beforecondu
31、cting the test, unless otherwise agreed.9.2 Place the specimen in the machine so that the coating tobe tested will be on the convex side of the dome away from thepunch.9.3 With the ball touching the uncoated side of the specimenand the dial gage indicating zero penetration at the start of thetest, i
32、ndent the specimen with the ball to a distance of 13 mm(0.512 in.), ensuring that the hold-down pressure does notdecrease during forming of the dome and that there is noevidence of slippage of the specimen under the hold-down diesduring the test. The speed of forming the domes is done inaccordance w
33、ith 6.1.1.9.4 Return the ball to the original position, remove thespecimen from the machine, and lay it on a flat surface.9.5 Apply the tape over the peak of the dome, press firmly,and then pull the tape from the dome at a fast, steady rate. The25-mm (1-in.) wide tape will not fully cover the dome a
34、nd willwrinkle at the edges.9.6 Place the tape on a piece of white paper, compare theamount of coating on the tape with the photographic standard,and estimate coating adhesion to the nearest whole number. InFig. 3, areas of darkness are coating removal so that a taperating of No. 10 is perfect adhes
35、ion and No. 0 is completeremoval of the coating. Wrinkles in the tape can be seen in thephotographic standards as light areas.9.7 Typically, a full-width specimen is cut from each coatedcoil and tested at three areas along the strip. Usually, domes aremade at both edges and the center of the coated
36、full width strip.10. Report10.1 Report the following information:10.1.1 Identification of the material such as coil number andlocation of the specimen within the coil,10.1.2 Specimen thickness,10.1.3 Number of tests or domes evaluated, and10.1.4 Adhesion rating including mean, range, or standarddevi
37、ation, if applicable.11. Precision11.1 On the basis of an interlaboratory study of this testmethod, in which one operator in each of three laboratoriestested five separate panels cut from the same coated steel, thewithin-laboratory standard deviation was 0.61 units with 12 dfand the between-laborato
38、ry standard deviation was 0.35 with 2df. Based on these standard deviations, the following criteriashould be used for judging the acceptability of results at the95 % confidence level:FIG. 3 Photographic Standard Adhesion Rating on Tape After DeformationD4146 10 (2018)311.1.1 RepeatabilityTwo results
39、 obtained by the sameoperator should be considered suspect if they differ by morethan 2 rating numbers.11.1.2 ReproducibilityTwo results, each the mean of twodeterminations, obtained by operators in different laboratoriesshould be considered suspect if they differ by more than 2.9rating numbers.12.
40、Keywords12.1 chromate complex; coil coating; zinc-rich primerASTM International takes no position respecting the validity of any patent rights asserted in connection with any item mentionedin this standard. Users of this standard are expressly advised that determination of the validity of any such p
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44、ndard may be obtained by contacting ASTM at the aboveaddress or at 610-832-9585 (phone), 610-832-9555 (fax), or serviceastm.org (e-mail); or through the ASTM website(www.astm.org). Permission rights to photocopy the standard may also be secured from the Copyright Clearance Center, 222Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, Tel: (978) 646-2600; http:/ 10 (2018)4
