1、Designation: D4151 10Standard Test Method forFlammability of Blankets1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D4151; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses ind
2、icates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This test method provides a means to identify blanketfabrics which ignite easily and propagate flame across thesurface.1.2 This test method specifies the proced
3、ures described inthe “Voluntary Blanket Flammability Standard” which hasbeen used by the blanket industry in the United States since1972.1.3 This standard is used to measure and describe theresponse of materials, products, or assemblies to heat andflame under controlled conditions, but does not by i
4、tselfincorporate all factors required for fire hazard or fire riskassessment of the materials, products or assemblies underactual fire conditions.NOTE 1This test method is not identical to 16 CFR Part 1610,Flammability of Clothing Textiles. Consumer Product Safety Commissionregulations require that
5、fabrics introduced into commerce meet therequirements of 16 CFR Part 1610.1.4 Fire testing is inherently hazardous. Adequate safe-guards for personnel and property shall be employed inconducting these tests.1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety problems, if any, associated w
6、ith its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D123 Terminology Relating to TextilesD1230 Test Method for Flamma
7、bility of Apparel Textiles3D1776 Practice for Conditioning and Testing TextilesD3411 Test Methods for Flammability of Textile Materials2.2 Federal Specification:NNN-P-40b43. Terminology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 blanket, nfor bedding, an unquilted fabric coveringdesigned primarily to provide thermal insu
8、lation.3.1.1.1 DiscussionBlankets may be made by any textileprocess from various types of fibers and may or may not havea raised fiber surface. Construction may be woven, knitted,flocked, or nonwoven.3.1.1.2 DiscussionElectric blankets include resistanceheating wires and can provide heat as well as
9、thermal insula-tion.3.1.2 flammability, nthose characteristics of a materialthat pertain to its relative ease of ignition and relative ability tosustain combustion.NOTE 2In this test, evidence of ignition is shown by discoloration,charring, or burning of the paper monitor.3.1.3 ignition, ninitiation
10、 of combustion.3.2 For definitions of other textile terms used in this testmethod, refer to Terminology D123.4. Summary of Test Method4.1 Specimens cut from the blanket fabric are prepared bybrushing if they have a raised fiber surface and by drying. Thedried specimen is held in a special apparatus,
11、 a standardizedflame is applied to the surface for a specified time undercontrolled conditions, and burning, charring, or discolorationof a paper monitor is noted. Two classes of flammability aredescribed.4.1.1 A burn of sufficient intensity to discolor a papermonitor in specified contact with the s
12、urface of the testspecimen indicates ignition of the blanket surface (see 11.4.1).5. Significance and Use5.1 This test method for the determination of the flamma-bility of blankets is considered satisfactory for acceptance1This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D13 on Textilesa
13、nd is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D13.52 on Flammability.Current edition approved June 15, 2010. Published August 2010. Originallypublished as D4151 82. Discontinued January 2010 and reinstated as D4151 10.DOI: 10.1520/D4151-10 .2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, w
14、ww.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3Withdrawn. The last approved version of this historical standard is referencedon www.astm.org.4Available from Standar
15、dization Documents Order Desk, Bldg. 4 Section D, 700Robbins Ave., Philadelphia, PA 19111-5094, Attn: NPODS.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.testing of commercial shipments of blankets since this testmethod has been us
16、ed extensively in the trade for acceptancetesting.5.2 This test method is used to evaluate electric blanketfabric, but tests should be performed on the fabric itselfwithout the resistance heating wires inserted.5.3 All fabrics made of natural or regenerated cellulose, aswell as many made from other
17、natural or synthetic fibers, arecombustible. Some combustible fabrics when used for blanketsare potentially dangerous to the user because of the ease ofignition, rapidity, and intensity of burning. The first character-istic can be judged with the aid of the flammability tester.6. Apparatus and Mater
18、ials6.1 Flammability Tester, as shown in Figs. 1-4 and de-scribed in A1.1.1, A1.1.2, and A1.1.9 of Test Method D1230.6.1.1 The test cabinet shall be equipped with a system tocontrol the time of flame impingment on the specimen to 1 60.05 s. A system found to be suitable is:6.1.1.1 Adjustable electro
19、nic timer controlling a burnersolenoid to activate the burner mechanism.6.1.1.2 Electronic Counter (digital clock reading to 0.01 s),started by a switch that is activated by the burner mechanismwhen the burner is in the position to impinge flame on thespecimen and is stopped when the burner retracts
20、 from thespecimen.NOTE 3A flammability tester made for use in Test Method D1230 hasto be modified when used with Test Method D4151 by changing theburner, specimen holder, and timing mechanism.6.2 Specimen Holder and Base, as shown in Figs. 5 and 6.6.2.1 The base shall be mounted on the floor of the
21、cabinetapproximately center on both axes. The position of the baseshall be adjustable along both the length and width axes of theflammability test cabinet.6.3 Burner, as shown in Fig. 7.6.3.1 The burner is a No. 18 hypodermic needle. The needleis cut off below the ferrule approximately 1.5 mm (116 i
22、n.)long. One end of an 3-mm (18-in.) OD copper tube approxi-mately 200 mm (8 in.) long is soldered or cemented with epoxyadhesive into the ferrule of the hypodermic needle. The otherend is soldered to the gas feeding tube which is part of themechanism used to impinge the flame on the specimen (seeFi
23、gs. 1-7).6.4 Methane, technical grade (at least 97 % pure).6.4.1 The gas line to the burner shall be equipped with aneedle valve to control the flame length.6.4.2 Gas is supplied to the burner at a pressure of 17.2 63.4 kPa (2.5 6 0.5 psig) at the needle valve inlet.6.5 Brushing Device, as shown in
24、Fig. 8 and described inA1.2 of Test Method D1230, except that the brush rests on thecarriage vertically with a pressure of 75 6 10 g instead of 150g as described in A1.2.1 of Test Method D1230.FIG. 1 Flammability TesterD4151 1026.6 Laboratory Drying Oven, forced-draft.FIG. 2 Flammability Tester (Cab
25、inet Details)FIG. 3 Flammability Tester (Additional Cabinet Details)D4151 1036.7 Desiccator(s) of sufficient size to hold five mountedspecimens at one time.6.8 Silica Gel Desiccant, indicating type.FIG. 4 Flammability Tester ArrangementFIG. 5 Specimen Holder AssemblyD4151 104FIG. 6 Specimen Holder D
26、etailsFIG. 7 Burner DetailsD4151 1056.9 Paper Monitor,5conforming to Federal SpecificationNNN-P-40b, Type II.6.10 Laboratory Hood, or other suitable enclosure, to pro-vide a draft free environment surrounding the flammabilitytester.7. Sampling7.1 Lot SizeA lot is defined as all the fabric in a singl
27、emanufacturing run of one type of fabric not exceeding 100 rollsor pieces or 4000 end-use items.7.2 Lot SampleUnless otherwise agreed upon, as whenspecified in an applicable material specification, randomly takeas the lot sample the number of rolls, pieces, or end-use itemsspecified in Table 1.7.3 L
28、aboratory SampleFor fabric in rolls or pieces, takeas a laboratory sample a full width swatch 1 m (1 yd) long fromthe outside of each roll in the lot sample or from one end ofeach piece in the lot sample, after first discarding a full widthlength of 1 m from the very end of each roll or piece. For f
29、abricalready made up into end-use items, such as blankets, all of theitems in the lot sample will constitute the laboratory sample.7.4 Conditions for SamplingSample and test the finishedfabric as it will reach the consumer. Remove the wire harnessfrom electric blankets before testing.7.5 Test Specim
30、ens Test specimens are to be taken fromeach unit of the laboratory sample as described in 8.1.8. Preparation of Specimens and Paper Monitor8.1 Cutting SpecimensTen specimens, each measuring 70by 70 mm (2.75 by 2.75 in.), shall be randomly selected fromeach swatch or end-use item in the laboratory sa
31、mple. Nospecimen shall be taken nearer to the selvages or fabric edgesthat110 of the width of the sample.8.1.1 Carefully note the face or back side of the fabric.8.2 Cutting Paper MonitorTen paper monitors, each mea-suring 75 by 90 mm (3.0 by 3.5 in.) with hole punches asshown in Fig. 4, except that
32、 the large center hole shall be 50mm (2 in.) in diameter instead of 65 mm (2.5 in.) as cut in thespecimen holder plate.8.3 BrushingEach specimen having a raised fiber surfaceshall be brushed once against the lay of the surface fibers withthe brushing device shown in Fig. 8. Other specimens do notreq
33、uire brushing.8.4 Specimen MountingAfter brushing, mount each speci-men in a specimen holder. Avoid handling the specimens5The sole source of supply of the lens paper conforming to Fed. Spec.NNN-P-40b, Type II, is sold by VWR Scientific Products, 1430 Waukegan Road,McGraw Park, IL 60085-6787 (Catalo
34、g No. 52845009). If you are aware ofalternate suppliers, please provide this information to ASTM International Head-quarters.FIG. 8 Brushing DeviceTABLE 1 Selection of Lot Samples of Blanket FabricNumber of Units in LotRolls, Pieces,End-Use Itemsin SampleNumberSpecimensRolls or Pieces End-Use Items1
35、to10 1to400 1 1011 to 20 401 to 800 2 2021 to 30 801 to 1200 3 3031 to 40 1201 to 1600 4 4041 or more 1601 or more 5 50D4151 106except on the edges. Mount the specimen and paper monitor inthe following order: (1) bottom plate, (2) specimen withsurface to be tested facing upward, (3) paper monitor, p
36、lacedwith the two small holes fitting over the guide pins on thebottom plate of the specimen holder and (4) top plate. This willset the larger circular hole in the paper concentric with the holein the top plate.9. Preparation of Apparatus9.1 Burner Adjustment:9.1.1 Adjust the burner in the actuated
37、position (see Fig. 9)so the burner tip is 8 mm (516 in.) from the specimen surface.A burner height gage clamped in the specimen holder, Fig. 7,is used for this adjustment. With the burner in the actuatedposition, move the base and holder assembly away from theburner tube so that the burner tip is 3.
38、2 mm (18 in.) off center.Secure holder assembly to cabinet floor.9.1.2 Adjust the timer so that the burner, when actuated,remains in position. Apply the flame to the specimen for anaverage time of 1 6 0.05 s. This is accomplished by actuatingthe burner mechanism, reading the time on the counter, and
39、adjusting as necessary.9.1.3 Adjust the flame length with the hood fan turned offand the burner in the retracted position. Use the needle valve toadjust the flame length to 16 mm (58 in.) from the tip of theburner, measuring only the clearly visible yellow portion of theflame. A suitable gage for th
40、is adjustment is shown in Fig. 7.The gage is held at a right angle to the burner axis. It isnecessary to allow gas to flow through the burner for up to 5min to purge all air from the system before attempting to adjustthe flame length.10. Conditioning10.1 Dry the mounted specimens in a horizontal pos
41、ition ina forced draft oven at 105 6 3C (220 6 5F) for 30 min,remove from the oven, and place over an indicating desiccantsuch as silica gel for not less than 30 min nor more than 60min.10.1.1 Ensure that the brushed surface of each specimen isnot touched or disturbed.10.1.2 Do not place more than f
42、ive specimens in thedesiccator at one time.11. Procedure11.1 After preparing the apparatus, remove a mountedspecimen from the desiccator and place it in position on therack in the chamber of the apparatus. Expose the specimen tothe flame within 30 s of the time it is removed from thedesiccator.11.2
43、Close the door of the apparatus. Set the timer at zero.Conduct the test in a draft-free room with the apparatus at roomtemperature.11.3 Activate the timing mechanism to apply the flame tothe specimen for a period of 1 6 0.05 s.11.4 When the burner combustion has stopped, as evidencedby the absence o
44、f flame and afterglow, remove the mountedspecimen from the cabinet, place it on a flat surface, anddetermine whether or not ignition has occurred.11.4.1 Ignition is considered to have occurred if the papermonitor is burned, charred, or discolored at any point.11.5 Test ten specimens, five on the fac
45、e side and five on theback side for each laboratory sample unit12. Interpretation of Results12.1 In order to place blanket fabrics in one or another oftwo classes of flammability, a decision is made on whether ornot a paper monitor burns, chars, or discolors as described in11.4.1. It must be underst
46、ood, however, that no guarantee canbe given and none is implied that a blanket fabric or productfalling into either of the two classes will or will not behazardous under some conditions of use.12.2 The classes are as follows:12.2.1 Class IIf none of the paper monitors burn, char, orbecome discolored
47、 after exposing the specimens to the ignitionsource, the material is classified as Class I. Class I textiles areFIG. 9 Setting Burner PositionD4151 107generally considered by the trade as having nounusual burningcharacteristics and are acceptable for use in manufacturingblankets.12.2.2 Class IIIf on
48、e or more of the paper monitors burn,char, or become discolored after exposing the specimens to theignition source, the material is classified as Class II. Class IItextiles are considered to be sufficiently flammable that theyare recognized by the trade as being unsuitable for blanketmanufacture.13.
49、 Report13.1 State that the specimens were tested as directed inASTM Test Method D4151. Describe the material or productsampled, the method of sampling used, and its lot size.13.2 Report the following information:13.2.1 Number of ignitions causing the paper monitor toburn, char, or discolor.13.2.2 Classification of each specimen.13.2.3 Classification of each lot.14. Precision and Bias14.1 No justifiable statements can be made either on theprecision or on the bias of Test Method D4151 for measuringthe flammability of blankets since the test resu
