1、Designation: D4175 15aStandard Terminology Relating toPetroleum, Petroleum Products, and Lubricants1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D4175; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revisio
2、n. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the U.S. Department of Defense.1. Scope*1.1 This terminology standard covers the compil
3、ation ofterminology developed by Committee D02 on PetroleumProducts, Liquid Fuels, and Lubricants, except that it does notinclude terms/definitions specific only to the standards inwhich they appear.1.1.1 The terminology, mostly definitions, is unique topetroleum, petroleum products, lubricants, and
4、 certain productsfrom biomass and chemical synthesis. Meanings of the sameterms outside of applications to petroleum, petroleum products,and lubricants can be found in other compilations and indictionaries of general usage.1.1.2 The terms/definitions exist in two places: (1) in thestandards in which
5、 they appear and (2) in this compilation.2. Terminology2.1 Alphabetical listing of terms with definitions for eachterm showing attributions as to source and subcommitteejurisdiction is in bold print following the definition. Thoseshowing no attributes are under the jurisdiction of Subcommit-tee CS 9
6、5. Some abbreviations, acronyms, and symbols areincluded in the list.3-MPA, n3-methylphenylamine D02.J0 D6812AAS, natomic absorption spectrometry, an analytical tech-nique for measuring metal content of solutions, based on acombination of flame source, hollow cathode lamp,photomultiplier, and a read
7、out device. D02.03 D7876abrasion, nwear due to hard particles or hard protuberancesforced against and moving along a solid surface.D02.B0 D4998abrasive wearwear due to hard particles or hard protuber-ances forced against and moving along a solid surface.D02.L0 D5182absolute filtration rating, nthe d
8、iameter of the largest hardspherical particle that will pass through a filter underspecified test conditions. This is an indication of the largestopening in the filter element. D02.N0 D4174absorbance, nlogarithm to the base 10 of the ratio of thereciprocal of the transmittance. D02.03 D7740absorbanc
9、e, A, nthe molecular property of a substance thatdetermines its ability to take up radiant power, expressed by:A 5 log101/T! 52log10Twhere T is the transmittance.DISCUSSIONAbsorbance expresses the excess absorption over thatof a specified reference or standard. It is implied that compensation hasbee
10、n affected for reflectance losses, solvent absorption losses, andrefractive effects, if present, and that attenuation by scattering is smallcompared with attenuation by absorption. D02.04 D2008absorptivity, a, nthe specific property of a substance toabsorb radiant power per unit sample concentration
11、 and pathlength, expressed by:a 5 Af/bcwhere:A = the absorbance,f = the dilution factor,b = sample cell path length, andc = the quantity of absorbing substance contained in avolume of solvent.D02.04 D2008acceptance limit (AL), na numerical value that defines thepoint between acceptable and unaccepta
12、ble quality.DISCUSSIONThe AL is not necessarily the specification limit. It isthe value that takes into account the specification value, the test methodprecision, and the confidence level desired for defining minimumacceptable quality relative to the specification value.D02.94 D3244accepted referenc
13、e value (ARV), nvalue that serves as anagreed-upon reference for comparison and that is derived as(1) a theoretical or established value, based on scientificprinciples, (2) an assigned value, based on experimentalwork of some national or international organization, such asthe U.S. National Institute
14、 of Standards and Technology1This terminology is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D02 onPetroleum Products, Liquid Fuels, and Lubricants and is the direct responsibility ofSubcommittee D02.95 on Terminology.Current edition approved March 1, 2015. Published March 2015. Originallyapproved in 1
15、983. Last previous edition approved in 2015 as D4175 15. DOI:10.1520/D4175-15A.*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standardCopyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States1(NIST), or (3) a consensus value, based on
16、 collaborativeexperimental work under the auspices of a scientific orengineering group.DISCUSSIONIn the context of this test method, accepted referencevalue is understood to apply to the ignition delay of specific referencematerials determined under reproducibility conditions by collaborativeexperim
17、ental work. D02.01 D6890, D02.94 D6299, D6792DISCUSSIONIn the context of this test method, accepted referencevalue is understood to apply to the Research octane number of specificreference materials determined empirically under reproducibility con-ditions by the National Exchange Group or another re
18、cognized ex-change testing organization. D02.01 D2699, D2700DISCUSSIONIn the context of this method, accepted reference valueis understood to apply to the ignition delay of specific referencematerials determined under reproducibility conditions by collaborativeexperimental work. D02.01 D7170DISCUSSI
19、ONIn the context of this test method, accepted referencevalue is understood to apply to the Supercharge and octane numberratings of specific reference materials determined empirically underreproducibility conditions by the National Exchange Group or anotherrecognized exchange testing organization. D
20、02.01 D909accepted reference value (ARV), n a value that serves as anagreed-upon reference for comparison, and which is derivedas: (1) a theoretical or established value, based on scientificprinciples, (2) an assigned or certified value, based onexperimental work of some national or internationalorg
21、anization, or (3) a consensus or certified value, based oncollaborative experimental work under the auspices of ascientific or engineering group. D02.25 D3764accuracy, nthe closeness of agreement between a test resultand an accepted reference value. D02.94 D6792accuracy, nthe closeness of agreement
22、between an observedvalue and an accepted reference value.D02.94 D6299, D7372acid number, nthe quantity of a specified base, expressed inmilligrams of potassium hydroxide per gram of sample,required to titrate a sample in a specified solvent to aspecified endpoint using a specified detection system.D
23、ISCUSSIONIn this test method, acids or salts with dissociationconstants greater than 109, are titrated to a green end point withp-naphtholbenzein indicator. D02.06 D3339DISCUSSIONIn this test method, the acid number is calculated fromthe number of drops required to produce a change in solution color
24、from blue-green to orange, compared to the number of drops requiredto produce an identical color change using a reference standard.Because this is a direct comparison method, the acid number value canbe reported in milligrams of potassium hydroxide per gram of sample.D02.06 D5770DISCUSSIONIn this te
25、st method, the indicator is p-naphtholbenzeintitrated to a green/green-brown end point in a toluene-water-isopropanol solvent. D02.06 D974DISCUSSIONThis test method expresses the quantity of base asmilligrams of potassium hydroxide per gram of sample, that is requiredto titrate a sample in a mixture
26、 of toluene and propan-2-ol to which asmall amount of water has been added from its initial meter reading inmillivolts to a meter reading in millivolts corresponding to an aqueousbasic buffer solution or a well-defined inflection point as specified inthe test method. D02.06 D664DISCUSSIONThis test m
27、ethod provides additional information. Thequantity of base, expressed as milligrams of potassium hydroxide pergram of sample, required to titrate a sample in the solvent from itsinitial meter reading in millivolts to a meter reading in millivoltscorresponding to a freshly prepared aqueous acidic buf
28、fer solution or awell-defined inflection point as specified in the test method shall bereported as the strong acid number. D02.06 D664DISCUSSIONThe causes and effects of the so-called strong acids andthe causes and effects of the other acids can be very significantlydifferent. Therefore, the user of
29、 this test method shall differentiate andreport the two, when they are found. D02.06 D664acidity, nthe quality, state or degree of being acid.DISCUSSIONIn this test method, the criterion for acidity is a pink orred color when methyl orange indicator is used. D02.06 D1093across (or against) grain, nd
30、irection in a body with pre-ferred orientation due to forming stresses that has themaximum c-axis alignment as measured in an X-ray diffrac-tion test. D02.F0 C709activated sludge, nthe precipitated solid matter, consistingmainly of bacteria and other aquatic microorganisms, that isproduced in a dome
31、stic wastewater treatment plant; acti-vated sludge is used primarily in secondary sewage treat-ment to microbially oxidized dissolved organic matter in theeffluent. D02.12 D6139activation energy (Ea)measure of temperature effects on therate of oxidation in the kinetic, or chemical control, regime.Ac
32、tivation energy is calculated from theArrhenius equation:OR 5 Zexp2Ea/RT!where:OR = oxidation rate,R = 8.314 J mole-1K-1is the universal gas constant,T = absolute temperature (in Kelvin), andZ = pre-exponential factor.The activation energy and pre-exponential factor are calcu-lated from linearized f
33、orm of Arrhenius equation, that is, fromthe slope and intercept of the linear plot of the logarithm ofoxidation rate versus the inverse of absolute temperature (1/T):log10OR! 5 log10Z 2 Ea/2.303 RT!Activation energy is expressed in units of kJ/mol. Pre-exponential factor is expressed in the same uni
34、ts as the oxi-dation rates, namely g h-1m-2(for Zacalculated from area-normalized oxidation rates, ORa)orgg-1h-1(for Zwcalculated from weight-normalized oxidation rates, ORw).D02.F0 D7542active grease-sampling device, ndevice designed to take anactive sample of a lubricating grease from a bearing, g
35、ear, ordrive shaft located in a grease-lubricated component.D02.G0 D7718active sampling, vto use a sampling device to activelygather an in-service lubricating grease sample from a grease-lubricated component. D02.G0 D7718actuate, vto hold the interior cylinder of the active grease-sampling device wh
36、ile pushing the exterior cylinder forwardD4175 15a2toward the grease-lubricated component that is beingsampled allowing lubricating grease to fill the samplingdevice. D02.G0 D7718acute ecotoxicity, nthe propensity of a material to produceadverse behavioral, biochemical, or physiological effects inno
37、n-human organisms or populations in a short period oftime, usually not constituting a substantial portion of the lifespan of the organism. D02.N0 D6046acute ecotoxicity, nthe propensity of a test material toproduce adverse behavioral, biochemical or physiologicaleffects in non-human organisms or pop
38、ulations in a shortperiod, usually not constituting a substantial portion of thelife span. D02.12 D6384acute ecotoxicity test, na comparative ecotoxicity test inwhich a representative subpopulation of organisms is ex-posed to different treat rates of a test material and is observedfor a short period
39、, usually not constituting a substantialportion of their life span. D02.12 D6384acute toxicity test, na comparative toxicity test in which arepresentative subpopulation of organisms is exposed todifferent treat rates of a test material and is observed for ashort period usually not constituting a sub
40、stantial portion oftheir life span. D02.12 D6081additive, na material added to another, usually in smallamounts, to impart or enhance desirable properties or tosuppress undesirable properties. D02.B0 D5862additive, nsubstance added to a base aviation gasoline inrelatively small amounts that either e
41、nables that base avia-tion gasoline to meet the applicable specification propertiesor does not alter the applicable specification properties ofthat base aviation gasoline beyond allowable limits.D02.J0 D7826adenosine monophosphate, nmolecule formed by the re-moval of two (2) molecules of phosphate (
42、one pyrophos-phate molecule) from ATP. D02.14 D7463adenosine triphosphate, nmolecule comprised of a purineand three phosphate groups, that serves as the primaryenergy transport molecule in all biological cells.D02.14 D7463adherent insolubles (formerly adherent gum), nmaterialthat is produced in the
43、course of stressing distillate fuelunder the conditions of this test and which adheres to theglassware after fuel has been flushed from the system.D02.14 D7462adhesive wear (scuffing), nwear due to localized bondingbetween contacting solid surfaces leading to material trans-fer between the two surfa
44、ces or loss from either surface.D02.L0 D5182adiabaticity, nthe condition in which there is no significantgain or loss of heat throughout the length of the column.DISCUSSIONWhen distilling a mixture of compounds as is the caseof crude petroleum, there will be a normal increase in reflux ratio downthe
45、 column. In the case where heat losses occur in the column, theinternal reflux is abnormally greater than the reflux in the head. Theopposite is true when the column gains heat, as with an overheatedmantle. D02.08 D2892adjustment, noperation of bringing the portable digitaldensity meter to a state o
46、f performance suitable for its use,by setting or adjusting the instrument constants.D02.04 D7777aerobe, nan organism that requires oxygen to remain meta-bolically active.DISCUSSIONAerobes use oxygen as their terminal electron acceptorin their primary energy-generating metabolic pathways. Aerobes re-
47、quire oxygen for survival, using aerobic metabolic processes togenerate energy for growth and survival. D02.14 D6469aerobic, adj(1) taking place in the presence of oxygen; (2)living or active in the presence of oxygen.D02.N0 D6006, D6046AETabbreviation for atmospheric equivalent temperature.agglomer
48、ate, n in manufactured carbon and graphite prod-uct technology, composite particle containing a number ofgrains. D02.F0 C709aggressiveness index (A.I.), nthe value computed from thesum of the pH + log alkalinity + log hardness of watersample where both alkalinity and hardness are reported asCaCO3L.D
49、ISCUSSIONAs A.I. decreases, water becomes more corrosive. AtA.I. 12, water is noncorrosive. At 10 A.I. 13.0. Potential food sources range from single carbonmolecules (carbon dioxide and methane) to complex polymers, includ-ing plastics. Oxygen requirements range from obligate anaerobes,which die on contact with oxygen, to obligate aerobes, which die ifoxygen pressure falls below a species specific threshold.D02.14 D6469base number,
