1、Designation: D 4177 95 (Reapproved 2005)Designation: Manual of Petroleum Measurement Standards (MPMS), Chapter 8.2An American National StandardStandard Practice forAutomatic Sampling of Petroleum and Petroleum Products1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 4177; the number immediatel
2、y following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has bee
3、n approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.1. Scope1.1 This practice covers information for the design, instal-lation, testing, and operation of automated equipment for theextraction of representative samples of petroleum and petro-leum products from a flowing stream and storing the
4、m in asample receiver. If sampling is for the precise determination ofvolatility, use Practice D 5842 (API MPMS Chapter 8.4)inconjunction with this practice. For sample mixing, refer toPractice D 5854 (API MPMS Chapter 8.3). Petroleum productscovered in this practice are considered to be a single ph
5、ase andexhibit Newtonian characteristics at the point of sampling.1.2 Applicable FluidsThis practice is applicable to petro-leum and petroleum products with vapor pressures at samplingand storage temperatures less than or equal to 101 kPa(14.7 psi). Refer to D 5842 (API MPMS Chapter 8.4) whensamplin
6、g for Reid vapor pressure (RVP) determination.1.3 Non-applicable FluidsPetroleum products whose va-por pressure at sampling and sample storage conditions areabove 101 kPa (14.7 psi) and liquified gases (that is, LNG,LPG etc.) are not covered by this practice.1.3.1 While the procedures covered by thi
7、s practice willproduce a representative sample of the flowing liquid into thesample receiver, specialized sample handling may be necessaryto maintain sample integrity of more volatile materials at hightemperatures or extended residence time in the receiver. Suchhandling requirements are not within t
8、he scope of this practice.Procedures for sampling these fluids are described in PracticeD 1265, Test Method D 1145, and GPA 2166.1.4 Annex A2 contains theoretical calculations for selectingthe sampler probe location. Annex A3 lists acceptance meth-odologies for sampling systems and components. Annex
9、 A4gives performance criteria for permanent installations, whileAnnex A5 has the criteria for portable sampling units. AnnexA6 provides sampler acceptance test data. Appendix X1 is adesign data sheet for automatic sampling systems. AppendixX2 compares the percent sediment and water to unloading time
10、period.1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as thestandard. The values given in parentheses are for informationonly.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D 923 Practices for Sampling Electrical Insulating LiquidsD 1145 Test Method for Sampling Natural Gas3D 1265 Practice for Sam
11、pling Liquefied Petroleum (LP)GasesManual MethodD 4057 Practice for Manual Sampling of Petroleum andPetroleum Products (API MPMS Chapter 8.1)D 4928 Test Methods for Water in Crude Oils by Coulom-etric Karl Fischer Titration (API MPMS Chapter 10.9)D 5842 Practice for Sampling and Handling of Fuels fo
12、rVolatility Measurements (API MPMS Chapter 8.4)D 5854 Practice for Mixing and Handling of LiquidSamples of Petroleum and Petroleum Products (APIMPMS Chapter 8.3)2.2 API Standards:4API Manual of Petroleum Measurement Standards, Chap-ters 3, 4, 5, 6, and 10MPMS Chapter 8.1 Practice for Manual Sampling
13、 of Petro-leum and Petroleum Products (ASTM Practice D 4057)MPMS Chapter 8.3 Practice for Mixing and Handling ofLiquid Samples of Petroleum and Petroleum Products(ASTM Practice D 5854)MPMS Chapter 8.4 Practice for Manual Sampling andHandling of Fuels for Volatility Measurement (ASTMPractice D 5842)1
14、This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D02 on PetroleumProducts and Lubricants and theAPI Committee on Petroleum Measurement, and isthe direct responsibility of Subcommittee D02.02/COMQ, the joint ASTM-APICommittee on Static Petroleum Measurement.Current edition approved June 1, 2
15、005. Published January 2006. Originallyapproved in 1982. Last previous edition approved in 2000 as D 417795(2000).2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to th
16、e standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3Withdrawn.4Available fromAmerican Petroleum Institute, 1220 LSt., NW, Washington, DC20005.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.MPMS Chapter 10.9 Test Method for Water i
17、n Crude Oilsby Coulometric Karl Fischer Titration (ASTM TestMethod D 4928)2.3 Gas Processors Association Standard:5GPA 2166 Obtaining Natural Gas Samples for Analysis byGas Chromatography2.4 Institute of Petroleum Standard:6IP Petroleum Measurement Manual, Part IV, SamplingSection 2, Guide to Automa
18、tic Sampling of Liquids fromPipelines, Appendix B, 34th Ed2.5 Government Standard:7CFR 29, Part 1910.1000 Toxic and Hazardous Substances3. Terminology3.1 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.1.1 automatic sampler, na device used to extract arepresentative sample from the liquid flowing i
19、n a pipe.3.1.1.1 DiscussionThe automatic sampler usually consistsof a probe, a sample extractor, an associated controller, a flowmeasuring device, and a sample receiver.3.1.2 automatic sampling system, na system consisting ofstream conditioning, an automatic sampler, and sample mixingand handling.3.
20、1.3 dissolved water, nwater in solution in petroleumand petroleum products.3.1.4 emulsion, na water in oil mixture, which does notreadily separate.3.1.5 entrained water, nwater suspended in the oil.3.1.5.1 DiscussionEntrained water includes emulsionsbut does not include dissolved water.3.1.6 flow pr
21、oportional sample, nflow taken such that therate is proportional throughout the sampling period to the flowrate of liquid in the pipe.3.1.7 free water, nwater that exists as a separate phase.3.1.8 grab, nthe volume of sample extracted from apipeline by a single actuation of the sample extractor.3.1.
22、9 homogeneous, adjwhen liquid composition is thesame at all points in the container, tank, or pipeline crosssection.3.1.10 isokinetic sampling, nsampling in such a mannerthat the linear velocity through the opening of the sample probeis equal to the linear velocity in the pipeline at the samplingloc
23、ation and is in the same direction as the bulk of the liquidapproaching the sampling probe.3.1.11 Newtonian fluid, na liquid whose viscosity isunaffected by the order of magnitude or agitation to which itmay be subjected as long as the temperature is constant.3.1.12 power mixer, na device which uses
24、 an externalsource of power to achieve stream conditioning.3.1.13 primary sample receiver/container, na vessel intowhich all samples are initially collected.3.1.14 probe, nthe portion of the automatic sampler thatextends into the pipe and directs a portion of the fluid to thesample extractor.3.1.15
25、profile testing, na procedure for simultaneouslysampling at several points across the diameter of a pipe toidentify the extent of stratification.3.1.16 representative sample, na portion extracted from atotal volume that contains the constituents in the same propor-tions as are present in the total v
26、olume.3.1.17 sample, na portion extracted from a total volumethat may or may not contain the constituents in the sameproportions as are present in that total volume.3.1.18 sample controller, na device which governs theoperation of the sample extractor.3.1.19 sample extractor, na device which removes
27、 asample (grab) from a pipeline, sample loop, or tank.3.1.20 sample handling and mixing, nthe conditioning,transferring and transporting of a sample.3.1.21 sample loop (fast loop or slip stream), na lowvolume bypass diverted from the main pipeline.3.1.22 sampling, nall the steps required to obtain a
28、sample that is representative of the contents of any pipe, tank,or other vessel and to place that sample into a container fromwhich a representative test specimen can be taken for analysis.3.1.23 sampling system proving, na procedure used tovalidate an automatic sampling system.3.1.24 sediment and w
29、ater (S thereforethe sample probe, extractor, and flow sensor should be cleanedafter every use to prevent plugging.15.2.10 All components and installation must meet appli-cable regulations, such as those of the U.S. Coast Guard.15.3 Operating ConsiderationsThe portable sampler op-erator must maintai
30、n operating conditions which provideadequate mixing and produce a representative sample. Perfor-mance criteria is given in Annex A5. To meet the criteriarequires cooperation of the vessel crew and shore personnel.Special operating requirements are:15.3.1 The portable sampler operator should keep the
31、 flowrate at each flow sensing device within its design range bylimiting the number of loading lines or hoses in service duringperiods of low flow rates, for example, start-up, topping off,stripping, etc.15.3.2 For discharge operations, the vessel compartmentdischarge sequence must be controlled so
32、that the amount offree water being discharged during the start-up operation is lessthan 10 % of the total amount of water in the cargo.15.3.3 For loadings, a shore tank with no free water ispreferred for the initial pumping. Water drawing the tank orpumping a small portion of the tank to another sho
33、re tank priorto the opening tank gauge, or both, are suggested.16. Acceptance Tests16.1 Testing is recommended to confirm that a samplingsystem is performing accurately. Annex A3 outlines methodsfor testing samplers that are used for the collection of S Total System Testing and Component Testing.16.
34、2 Total System TestingThis test method is a volumebalance test where tests are conducted for known amounts ofwater. It is designed to test the total system including thelaboratory handling and mixing of sample. Two procedures areoutlined. One involves only the sampler under test, the otherutilizes a
35、n additional sampler to measure the baseline water.16.3 Component TestingThis test method involves testingindividually the components that comprise a sampling system.Where applicable, some of the component tests may beconducted prior to installation of the total system. Componentsto be tested includ
36、e:16.3.1 Probe/extractor,16.3.2 Profile (for stream conditioning),16.3.3 Special flow meter, and16.3.4 Primary sample receiver and mixer.FIG. 8 Typical Portable Marine InstallationD 4177 95 (2005)716.3.5 If a system design has been proven by testing,subsequent systems of the same design (for example
37、, LACTunits), including piping configuration and operated under thesame or less criterial conditions (that is, higher flow rate,higher viscosity, lower water content, etc.) need not be tested.Once a system or system design has been proven, the followingchecks can be used to confirm system reliabilit
38、y:Component CheckStream conditioning Flow rate or pressure drop if equipped with power orstatic mixer.Profile test for systems with only piping elements.Pacing device Compare recorded batch volume to known volume.Compare actual sample volume to expected volume.Extractor Compare actual sample volume
39、to expected volume.Compare actual grab size to expected grab size.16.3.6 Portable sampling systems can be tested by thecomponent testing method except for proper stream condition-ing. To compensate for this, the performance test for eachoperation has been designed to evaluate the operation of thesam
40、pler. This is shown in Annex A5.16.4 Requirements for AcceptabilityTesting by either thecomponent or total system method requires that two out ofthree consecutive sets of test data repeat within the limitsshown in Annex A3.17. Operational Performance Checks/Reports17.1 Monitoring of sampler performa
41、nce is a necessary partof every sampling operation. Monitoring is required to makesure that the sample extractor is extracting a uniform grab in aflow proportional manner. This is normally accomplished byassessing the sample volume collected to ensure that it meetsexpectations for the equipment and
42、transfer volume involved.17.2 Several procedures may be used to accomplish thisrequirement, that is, sight glasses, gages, or weigh cells.Selection of a procedure should be based on (1) volume oftransfer, (2) type of installation, (3) time interval of transfer, (4)whether the sampling facility is ma
43、nned, (5) receiver type, (6)purpose of the sample, and (7) equipment used.17.3 For LACT and ACT units, monitoring may consist ofcomparison between sample volume collected and expectedsample volume. For very large transfers including marinetransferee, more information may be desired as outlined inAnn
44、ex A4 and Annex A5.18. Keywords18.1 acceptance tests; automatic petroleum sampling; con-trollers; extractor; intermediate sampling receiver; isokineticsampling; mixing elements; portable samplers; primary samplereceiver; probe; representative sampling; representative sam-pling criteria; sample loop;
45、 sample mixing; sampling handling;stream conditioningANNEXES(Mandatory Information)A1. PRECAUTIONARY INFORMATIONA1.1 Physical Characteristics and Fire ConsiderationsA1.1.1 Personnel involved in the handling of petroleum-related substances (and other chemical materials) should befamiliar with their p
46、hysical and chemical characteristics, in-cluding potential for fire, explosion, and reactivity, and appro-priate emergency procedures. These procedures should complywith the individual companys safe operating practices andlocal, state, and federal regulations, including those coveringthe use of prop
47、er protective clothing and equipment. Personnelshould be alert to avoid potential sources of ignition and shouldkeep the materials containers closed when not in use.A1.1.2 API Publication 2217 and Publication 20264and anyapplicable regulations should be consulted when samplingrequires entry to confi
48、ned spaces.A1.1.3 INFORMATION REGARDING PARTICULARMATERIALS AND CONDITIONS SHOULD BE OB-TAINED FROM THE EMPLOYER, THE MANUFAC-TURER OR SUPPLIER OF THAT MATERIAL OR THEMATERIAL SAFETY DATA SHEET.A1.2 Safety and Health ConsiderationA1.2.1 GeneralPotential health effects can result fromexposure to any
49、chemical and are dependent on the toxicity ofthe chemical, concentration, and length of the exposure.Everyone should minimize his or her exposure to work placechemicals. The following general precautions are suggested:(1) Minimize skin and eye contact and breathing ofvapors.(2) Keep chemicals away from the mouth; they can beharmful or fatal if swallowed or aspirated.(3) Keep containers closed when not in use.(4) Keep work areas as clean as possible and wellventilated.(5) Clean spills promptly and in accordance with pertinentsafety, health, and enviro
