1、Designation: D4177 15Manual of Petroleum Measurement Standards (MPMS), Chapter 8.2Standard Practice forAutomatic Sampling of Petroleum and Petroleum Products1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D4177; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adop
2、tion or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the U.S. Department of Defens
3、e.INTRODUCTIONThe previous version of the automatic sampling practice described the design, installation, testing,and operation of automated equipment for the extraction of representative samples from the flowingstream and storing mainly for crude oil.This practice is a performance-based standard. I
4、t still includes the design, installation, testing, andoperation of automated equipment for extraction of representative samples. It also includes the testingand proving of a sampling system in the field under actual operating conditions to ensure that theequipment, installation, and operating proce
5、dures produce representative samples. The acceptancecriteria for custody transfer are covered in this practice. This practice does not address how to samplecrude at temperatures below the freezing point of water. Extensive revisions have been made to theprior version of D4177 (API MPMS Chapter 8.2).
6、This practice also provides guidance for periodic verification of the sampling system.This practice is separated into three parts:GeneralSections 517(Part I) are currently applicable to crude oil and refined products. Reviewthis section before designing or installing any automatic sampling system.Cr
7、ude Oil SamplingSection 18 (Part II) contains additional information required to complete thedesign, testing, and monitoring of a crude oil sampling system.Refined Product SamplingSection 19 (Part III) contains additional information required tocomplete the design of a refined product sampling syste
8、m.Arepresentative sample is “Aportion extracted from the total volume that contains the constituentsin the same proportions that are present in that total volume.” Representative samples are required forthe determination of chemical and physical properties that are used to establish standard volumes
9、,prices, and compliance with commercial and regulatory specifications.The process of obtaining a representative sample consists of the following: the physical equipment,the correct matching of that equipment to the application, the adherence to procedures by theoperator(s) of that equipment, and the
10、 proper handling and analysis.1. Scope*1.1 This practice describes general procedures and equip-ment for automatically obtaining samples of liquid petroleumand petroleum products, crude oils, and intermediate productsfrom the sample point into the primary container. This practicealso provides additi
11、onal specific information about samplecontainer selection, preparation, and sample handling. If sam-pling is for the precise determination of volatility, use PracticeD5842 (API MPMS Chapter 8.4) in conjunction with thispractice. For sample mixing and handling, refer to PracticeD5854 (API MPMS Chapte
12、r 8.3). This practice does not coversampling of electrical insulating oils and hydraulic fluids.1This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D02 on PetroleumProducts, Liquid Fuels, and Lubricants and the API Committee on PetroleumMeasurement, and is the direct responsibility of Subcomm
13、ittee D02.02 /COMQ thejoint ASTM-API Committee on Hydrocarbon Measurement for Custody Transfer(Joint ASTM-API). This practice has been approved by the sponsoring committeesand accepted by the Cooperating Societies in accordance with established proce-dures. This practice was issued as a joint ASTM-A
14、PI standard in 1982.Current edition approved May 15, 2015. Published August 2015. Originallyapproved in 1982. Last previous edition approved in 2010 as D4177 95 (2010).DOI: 10.1520/D4177-15.*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standardCopyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor
15、 Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States11.2 Table of Contents:SectionINTRODUCTIONScope 1Referenced Documents 2Terminology 3Significance and Use 4PART IGENERALRepresentative Sampling Components 5Design Criteria 6Automatic Sampling Systems 7Sampling Location 8Mixing of the
16、 Flowing Stream 9Proportionality 10Sample Extractor Grab Volume 11Containers 12Sample Handling and Mixing 13Control Systems 14Sample System Security 15System Proving (Performance Acceptance Tests) 16Performance Monitoring 17PART IICRUDE OILCrude Oil 18PART IIIREFINED PRODUCTSRefined Products 19KEYWO
17、RDSKeywords 20ANNEXESCalculations of the Margin of Error based on Number ofSample GrabsAnnex A1Theoretical Calculations for Selecting the Sampler ProbeLocationAnnex A2Performance Criteria for Portable Sampling Units Annex A3Profile Performance Test Annex A4Sampler Acceptance Test Data Annex A5APPEND
18、IXESDesign Data Sheet for Automatic Sampling System Appendix X1Comparisons of Percent Sediment and Water versusUnloading Time PeriodAppendix X21.3 UnitsThe values stated in either SI units or USCustomary (USC) units are to be regarded separately asstandard. The values stated in each system may not b
19、e exactequivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independentlyof the other. Combining values from the two systems mayresult in non-conformance with the standard. Except wherethere is no direct SI equivalent, such as for National PipeThreads/diameters, or tubing.1.4 This standard does not pur
20、port to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D4
21、007 Test Method for Water and Sediment in Crude Oil bythe Centrifuge Method (Laboratory Procedure)D4840 Guide for Sample Chain-of-Custody ProceduresD4928 Test Method for Water in Crude Oils by CoulometricKarl Fischer TitrationD5842 Practice for Sampling and Handling of Fuels forVolatility Measuremen
22、tD5854 Practice for Mixing and Handling of Liquid Samplesof Petroleum and Petroleum Products2.2 API Standards:3MPMS Chapter 3 Tank GaugingMPMS Chapter 4 Proving SystemsMPMS Chapter 5 MeteringMPMS Chapter 8.3 Practice for Mixing and Handling ofLiquid Samples of Petroleum and Petroleum Products(ASTM P
23、ractice D5854)MPMS Chapter 8.4 Practice for Manual Sampling and Han-dling of Fuels for Volatility Measurement (ASTM PracticeD5842)MPMS Chapter 10 Sediment and WaterMPMS Chapter 13 Statistical Aspects of Measuring andSamplingMPMS Chapter 20 Production Allocation Measurement forHigh Water Content Crud
24、e Oil SamplingMPMS Chapter 21 Flow Measurement Using ElectronicMetering Systems2.3 ISO Standards:4ISO 1998 Petroleum Industry Terminology Part 6:MeasurementNOTE 1See the Bibliography at the end of this standard for importanthistorical references.3. Terminology3.1 Definitions of Terms Specific to Thi
25、s Standard:3.1.1 automatic sampling system, nfluid sampling systemthat consists of: (a) flowing fluid stream conditioning, ifrequired; (b) a means of automatically extracting a represen-tative sample; (c) pacing of the sample extraction in a flow ortime proportional manner; and (d) delivering of eac
26、h extractedsample to a sample container or an analyzer.3.1.1.1 DiscussionThe system consists of a sample extrac-tor with an associated controller and flow-measuring or timingdevice, collectively referred to as an automatic sampler orauto-sampler. In addition, the system may include a flowconditioner
27、, slipstream, sample probe, and sample condition-ing.3.1.1.2 DiscussionSystems may deliver the sample di-rectly to an analytical device or may accumulate a compositesample for offline analysis, in which case, the system includessample mixing and handling and a primary sample container.3.1.1.3 Discus
28、sionAutomatic sampling systems may beused for liquids.3.1.2 batch, ndiscrete shipment of commodity defined bya specified quantity, a time interval, or quality.3.1.3 component testing, nprocess of individually testingthe components of a system.3.1.4 dead volume, nin sampling, the volume trappedbetwee
29、n the extraction point and the primary sample container.3.1.4.1 DiscussionThis represents potential for contami-nation between batches.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume inf
30、ormation, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3Available from American Petroleum Institute (API), 1220 L. St., NW,Washington, DC 20005-4070, http:/www.api.org.4Available from American National Standards Institute (ANSI), 25 W. 43rd St.,4th Floor, New York, NY 10036, http:
31、/www.ansi.org.D4177 1523.1.5 droplet dispersion, adjdegree to which a fluid in animmiscible fluid mixture is composed of small droplets distrib-uted evenly throughout the volume of the pipe.3.1.6 flow-proportional sample, nsample taken from apipe such that the rate of sampling is proportional throug
32、houtthe sampling period to the flow rate of the fluid in the pipe.3.1.7 free water, nwater that exists as a separate phase.3.1.8 grab, nvolume of sample extracted from a flowingstream by a single actuation of the sample extractor.3.1.9 homogeneous, adjquality of being uniform withrespect to composit
33、ion, a specified property or a constituentthroughout a defined area or space.3.1.10 linefill, nvolume of fluid contained between twospecified points in piping or tubing.3.1.11 sample controller, ndevice used in automatic sam-pling that governs the operation of a sample extractor.3.1.12 sample extrac
34、tor, nin sampling, a mechanical de-vice that provides for the physical measured segregation andextraction of a grabbed sample from the total volume in apipeline, slip stream, or tank and ejects the sample towards theprimary sample container.3.1.13 slip stream sample loop, nlow-volume stream di-verte
35、d from the main pipeline, intended to be representative ofthe total flowing stream.3.1.14 slip stream take-off probe, ndevice, inserted intothe flowing stream, which directs a representative portion ofthe stream to a slip stream sample loop.3.1.15 volume regulator sampler, ndevice that allowspipelin
36、e pressure to push a set volume into a chamber that isthen trapped and redirected to the sample receiver.3.2 Definitions Related to Sample Containers:3.2.1 constant volume sample container, nvessel with afixed volume.3.2.2 floating piston container, FPC, nhigh-pressuresample container, with a free f
37、loating internal piston thateffectively divides the container into two separate compart-ments.3.2.3 portable sample container, nvessel that can bemanually transported.3.2.4 primary sample container, ncontainer in which asample is initially collected, such as a glass or plastic bottle, acan, a core-t
38、ype thief, a high-pressure cylinder, a floatingpiston cylinder, or a sample container in an automatic samplingsystem.3.2.5 profile average, nin sampling, the average of allpoint averages.3.2.6 profile testing, nprocedure for simultaneously sam-pling at several points across the diameter of a pipe to
39、 identifythe extent of cross-sectional stratification.3.2.7 representative sample, nportion extracted from atotal volume that contains the constituents in the same propor-tions that are present in that total volume.3.2.8 sample, nportion extracted from a total volume thatmay or may not contain the c
40、onstituents in the same propor-tions as are present in that total volume.3.2.9 sample probe, ndevice extending through the metertube or piping into the stream to be sampled.3.2.10 sampling, nall the steps required to obtain a samplethat is representative of the contents of any pipe, tank, or otherve
41、ssel, based on established error and to place that sample intoa container from which a representative test specimen can betaken for analysis.3.2.11 sampling system, nsystem capable of extracting arepresentative sample from the fluid flowing in a pipe.3.2.11.1 Discussionsystem capable of extracting a
42、 repre-sentative sample from the fluid flowing in a pipe. (ISO 1998-6)3.2.12 sampling system verification test, nprocedure toestablish that a sampling system is acceptable for custodytransfer.3.2.13 secondary sample container, nvessel that receivesan aliquot of the primary sample container for the p
43、urpose ofanalysis, transport, or retention.3.2.14 stationary sample container, nvessel that is physi-cally fixed in place.3.2.15 stream conditions, nstate of a fluid stream in termsof distribution and dispersion of the components flowingwithin the pipeline.3.2.16 stream conditioning, nmixing of a fl
44、owing streamso that a representative sample may be extracted.3.2.17 time-proportional sample, nsample composed ofequal volume grabs taken from a pipeline at uniform timeintervals during the entire transfer.4. Significance and Use4.1 Representative samples of petroleum and petroleumproducts are requi
45、red for the determination of chemical andphysical properties, which are used to establish standardvolumes, prices, and compliance with commercial terms andregulatory requirements. This practice does not cover samplingof electrical insulating oils and hydraulic fluids. This practicedoes not address h
46、ow to sample crude at temperatures belowthe freezing point of water.PART IGeneralThis part is applicable to all petroleum liquid samplingwhether it be crude oil or refined products. Review this sectionbefore designing or installing any automatic sampling system.5. Representative Sampling Components5
47、.1 The potential for error exists in each step of thesampling process. The following describes how samplingsystem components or design will impact whether the sampleis representative. Properly address the following considerationsto ensure a representative sample is obtained from a flowingstream.5.1.
48、1 LocationLocate the sampling system close to or at aposition where the custody transfer is deemed to have takenplace. The quality and quantity of the linefill between theD4177 153extractor and the sample container may be significant enoughto impact the quality of the sample.5.1.2 Conditioning of th
49、e Flowing StreamDisperse anddistribute (homogenize) the sample stream at the sample pointso that the stream components (for example oil, water, andsediment) are representative at the point of the slip streamsample loop inlet (if used) or where the sample is to beextracted.5.1.3 Sample ExtractionTake grabs in proportion to flow.However, if the flow rate during the total batch delivery (hours,days, week, month, and so forth) varies less than 610 % froman average flow rate, and if the sampling stops when the flowstops, a represe
