1、Designation: D 4188 82 (Reapproved 2003)Standard Practice forPerforming Pressure In-Line Coagulation-Flocculation-Filtration Test1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 4188; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of rev
2、ision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This practice covers the procedure used to performpressure in-line coagulation-flocculation-filtra
3、tion of water andwaste water. It is applicable to water and waste water withrelatively low suspended solids (30 mg/L). The practice isapplicable for any size filter greater than 100 mm (4 in.) indiameter.1.2 This practice can be used to determine the effectivenessof flocculants or coagulants, or bot
4、h, and filter medium(a) inremoving suspended and colloidal material from water andwaste water.1.3 Interval between filter backwashing, backwash require-ments, rinse requirements, and effect of filtration rate oneffluent quality can also be obtained with this practice.1.4 This standard does not purpo
5、rt to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D 11
6、29 Terminology Relating to WaterD 1888 Test Methods for Particulate and Dissolved Matter,Solids, or Residue in Water3D 1889 Test Method for Turbidity of WaterD 2035 Practice for Coagulation-Flocculation Jar Test ofWaterD 3370 Practices for Sampling Water from Closed ConduitsD 4187 Test Methods for Z
7、eta Potential of Colloids inWater and Waste Water3D 4189 Test Method for Silt Density Index (SDI) of Water3. Terminology3.1 Definitions: For definitions of terms used in this prac-tice, refer to Definitions D 1129.4. Summary of Practice4.1 A flocculant or coagulant, or both, is added to apressurized
8、 flowing water or waste water stream, and the flocthat forms is removed, using a filter medium(a).4.2 The effectiveness of the system in removing suspendedand colloidal matter is determined by monitoring the quality ofthe filter effluent.4.3 A holding tank for floc formation or floc growth isoptiona
9、l.4.4 The practice also provides information on intervalbetween filter backwashing, backwash requirements, rinserequirements and effect of filtration rate on effluent quality.5. Significance and Use5.1 Pressure in-line coagulation-flocculation followed byfiltration is an effective process to remove
10、suspended andcolloidal matter from water and waste water.5.2 The effectiveness of this process is dependent on thetype and concentration of the flocculant or coagulant, or both,the pH, the temperature, the filtration medium(a), and thefiltration rate. This practice permits the evaluation of thesevar
11、ious parameters.5.3 This practice can also be used to determine filterbackwash and rinse requirements.5.4 The results obtained from this practice can be used forplant design of large systems.6. Apparatus6.1 Installation:6.1.1 To prevent contamination by corrosion products, usestainless steel, plasti
12、c, or coated (rubber or epoxy-lined) steelfor all wetted parts.1This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D19 on Water andis the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D19.03 on Sampling of Water andWater-Formed Deposits, Analysis of Water for Power Generation and Process Use,On-Line
13、Water Analysis, and Surveillance of Water.Current edition approved Oct. 29, 1982. Published March 1983.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards
14、 Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3Withdrawn.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.6.1.2 Take care to ensure that no contamination will occurfrom oil films on new metal piping, release agents on rawplastic component
15、s, or from solutions previously used in thesystem. Thoroughly clean or degrease, or both, any materialsthat are suspect.6.1.3 Design all pressurized components based on themanufacturers working pressure rating. Review the manufac-turers rating for compliance with standard engineering prac-tice.6.1.4
16、 Assemble the system as shown in Fig. 1. The holdingtank just preceding the filter is optional. Use a manual flowcontrol valve to regulate the filter effluent flow.NOTE 1Since the filter is intended to be operated at constant flow withdifferential pressure changes across the filter, manual flow adju
17、stmentsmay be required periodically. For streams that yield a high filter loadingrate, an automatic flow control valve might be required.NOTE 2If a holding tank is used, it should be designed to obtainuniform flow to minimize stagnant zones and to keep the floc suspended.It should also be sized to o
18、btain the desired retention and contain an airvent.6.1.5 Operate the apparatus by drawing water from thewater supply and pumping it through the system under pres-sure. Use a gage pressure of 275 to 345 kPa (40 to 50 psi) asthe filter inlet pressure.NOTE 3If the water supply is already sufficiently p
19、ressurized, thepressurizing centrifugal pump is not required.6.1.6 Use a single calibrated pressure gage equipped with a“quick-connect” fitting to measure the filter inlet pressure andfilter pressure drop. Individual gages are also satisfactory butnot as reliable as a single “quick-connect” pressure
20、 gauge.6.1.7 Use either a flowmeter or a calibrated volume con-tainer and stopwatch to measure the filter effluent flow.6.1.8 Use an accurate metering pump to inject the flocculantor coagulant, or both. Use an injector with a check valve andlocate the teat of the injector in the center of the flowin
21、g streamand in the vertical position.6.1.9 Use a calibrated volume container and stopwatch tomeasure the injection pump rate.NOTE 4If the suction line of the metering pump is placed into thevolume container, it is necessary to subtract the volume displaced by thesuction line.6.1.10 With small inside
22、 diameter piping (12-in. nominal),use five or six right-angle elbows for mixing. With large insidediameter piping, use in-line static mixing to obtain goodmixing.6.1.11 Valve the filter so the raw water supply can be usedfor backwashing.6.1.12 To protect the pump, install a flow-sensor switch toshut
23、 the system down if the water supply to the pump isinterrupted.NOTE 5If a centrifugal pump is used, excessive pressure is usually noproblem provided the pump or piping or both are properly sized. Either ahigh-pressure limit control switch or a pressure-relief device can beinstalled after the pump, i
24、f there are any doubts about excessive pressure.6.1.13 If the system pressure fluctuates by more than6 35kPa (65 psi), install a pressure regulator immediately down-stream of the pressure control valve.6.2 To minimize wall effects, use a filter with a minimumdiameter of 100 mm (4 in.).7. Reagents7.1
25、 For a list of typical coagulants and the preparation ofpolyelectrolyte solutions, refer to Practice D 2035.8. Procedure8.1 Start-Up Procedure:8.1.1 First, backwash the filter with the supply water tothoroughly clean the filter medium. Use the backwash raterecommended by the filter medium supplier,
26、which is usually20 to 50 m3/(hm2) of filter area (8 to 20 gal/(minft2).Backwash the filter until the turbidity (as determined by TestMethod D 1889) of the backwash is equal (within 10 %) to theFIG. 1 Typical Pressure In-Line Coagulation-Flocculation Filtration SystemD 4188 82 (2003)2turbidity of the
27、 supply water. For all sampling follow theprocedure given in Practices D 3370.NOTE 6New medium usually contains many fines which need to beremoved for the best filter performance. During backwash approximately2 to 3 % of the medium can be siphoned off at the top of bed to removefines.8.1.2 After bac
28、kwashing, operate the filter in the servicemode and adjust the flow rate and pressure by adjusting boththe flow control valve and the pressure control valve.8.1.2.1 Set the inlet pressure to the filter at a gage pressureof 275 to 345 kPa (40 to 50 psi).8.1.2.2 Set the flow rate based on filter mediu
29、m suppliersrecommendation, which is usually 5 to 15 m3/(hm2) of filterarea (2 to 6 gal/(minft2).8.2 Operating Procedure:8.2.1 To determine the effectiveness of the filter medium inremoving colloidal and suspended particles with addition offlocculants or coagulants, or both, proceed to 8.2.3. To dete
30、r-mine the ability of the filter medium in removing colloidal andsuspended particles without addition of flocculants or coagu-lants, or both, operate the filter for 30 min. Then, measure thewater quality of the filter effluent and compare it to the qualityof the supply water. Use turbidity (Test Met
31、hod D 1889),suspended solids analyses (Test Methods D 1888), or siltdensity index (Test Method D 4189) to measure the waterquality. Repeat the water quality measurements every 30 minuntil results indicate equilibration of the filter.8.2.2 Repeat 8.1.1 and 8.1.2.8.2.3 Start the flocculant or coagulan
32、t injection pump toinject a previously prepared solution. Initially, set the injectionpump rate to obtain 2 mg/L of the flocculant or coagulant in thesupply water.8.2.3.1 Set the concentration of flocculant or coagulant inthe supply water using the injection pump curves (pumpingrate against back pre
33、ssure), concentration of flocculant orcoagulant in the chemical feed tank, and the flow rate of waterthrough the filter. For example, for a 250-mm (10-in.) diameterfilter operating at 3.785 L/min (1 gal/min) and a polyelectrolytefeed solution concentration of 200 mg/L, the injection pumpshould be ad
34、justed to the following rate to obtain 2 mg/L in thesupply water: Dilution of polyelectrolyte feed solution of 100to 1 will give 2 mg/L.Therefore,3.785 L/min.!/X L/min!5100X 5 0.03785 L/min 5 37.85 mL/minTherefore, set injection pump rate at 37.8 mL/min.8.2.3.2 If polyelectrolyte from supplier is a
35、liquid, assume100 % active ingredient.8.2.4 After the injection rate has been set, measure theinjection rate (see 6.1.9).8.2.5 Allow 5 min of operation to equilibrate the mixingsection then obtain a water sample just after the mixing sectionand measure the zeta potential (Test Methods D 4187), ifapp
36、licable.NOTE 7For most natural waters, optimum coagulation-flocculationwill occur at a zeta potential of 0 6 2 mV. Zeta potential measurementsare only useful for cationic polyelectrolytes and inorganic coagulants(alum and iron). If a nonionic or anionic polyelectrolyte is used, omit thezeta potentia
37、l measurement.NOTE 8For waters with high total dissolved solids, for example,seawater, zeta potential measurements are not meaningful.8.2.6 Adjust the concentration of flocculant or coagulant, orboth, either up or down to obtain the desired zeta potential.8.2.7 After the desired zeta potential has b
38、een obtained,allow the system to operate for 15 to 20 min, and then measurethe filter effluent water quality and compare to the supply waterquality (before flocculant or coagulant, or both, addition) usingturbidity, suspended solids, or silt density index. Repeatmeasurements (both effluent water qua
39、lity and zeta potential)every 30 to 45 min until equilibration of the system hasoccurred.8.2.8 If the desired zeta potential value is unknown or if zetapotential measurements are not made, then the coagulantconcentration must be varied and equilibrated values of theeffluent water quality obtained at
40、 each concentration to deter-mine the optimum concentration, that is, that concentration offlocculant or coagulant, or both, which gives acceptableeffluent water quality.NOTE 9Exercise care since excess coagulant or flocculant, or both,can be adsorbed by the filter medium, and several hours may be r
41、equiredbefore true equilibration of the system occurs.8.2.9 Measure the pH and the temperature of the filtereffluent for future reference.NOTE 10For some coagulants, for example, alum, the pH is animportant parameter and control of the pH within certain limits is usuallydesirable.8.2.10 In operating
42、 the system, periodically measure andmake appropriate adjustment of the filter inlet pressure, filterflow rate, and injection pump rate.8.2.11 To determine the effect of filtration rate on effluentwater quality, repeat 8.1.1 to 8.2.9 but set the flow rate in8.1.2.2 at different values.8.2.12 To dete
43、rmine the effect of different flocculants orcoagulants, or both, on the effluent water quality, repeat 8.1.1to 8.2.9, using different flocculants or coagulants, or both.8.2.13 To evaluate different medium, replace filter or filtermedium with new medium and repeat 8.1.1 to 8.2.9.8.2.14 To determine t
44、he need for backwashing for a givenmedium, and flocculant or coagulant, or both, operate thesystem as in 8.2.7 for extended time periods and monitor theeffluent quality. When the effluent quality deteriorates or whenthe pressure drop across the filter reaches the suppliersrecommended maximum limit,
45、backwash the filter.NOTE 11The interval between backwashings can vary from a fewhours to several weeks, depending on the quantity of suspended andcolloidal material in the supply water, the filter flow rate, the type offlocculant or coagulant, or both, used, and the filter design.8.2.15 To determine
46、 the filter rinse time, first determine theoptimum concentration of flocculant or coagulant, or both, at agiven filter flow rate. Then backwash the filter as in 8.1.1.Afterbackwashing operate the filter in the service direction with theaddition of the optimum flocculant or coagulant, or both,D 4188
47、82 (2003)3concentration and monitor the effluent water quality versustime to obtain acceptable water quality. Depending on thedesired water quality and nature of colloidal material in thesupply water, the rinse time can vary from 15 min to severalhours.8.3 Shutdown Procedure:8.3.1 Shut off the injec
48、tion pump and push the stop buttonon the pressurizing pump motor.8.3.2 Allow the pressure to reach zero before disconnectingthe system or carrying out maintenance on the piping system.9. Calculation and Report9.1 Report the following data and information:9.1.1 Filter medium(a), depth of medium, filt
49、er area, filterflow rate, filter backwash rate, filter rinse rate, rinse time,backwash time, time between backwashings (service run time),pressure of filter influent, and pressure drop across filter duringservice run.9.1.2 Flocculant or coagulant, or both used, concentration offlocculant or coagulant, or both in chemical feed tank, concen-tration of flocculant or coagulant, or both in filter influent,injection pump flow rate, and zeta potential (if applicable) offilter influent.9.1.3 Filter effluent temperature and filter effluent pH;turbidity, suspended solid
