1、Designation: D 4195 08Standard Guide forWater Analysis for Reverse Osmosis and NanofiltrationApplication1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 4195; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last r
2、evision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This guide covers the analyses that should be performedon any given water sample if reverse osmosis (RO) ornanofiltration (
3、NF) application is being considered.1.2 This guide is applicable to waters including brackishwaters and seawaters but is not necessarily applicable to wastewaters.1.3 This is a guide only and should not be construed as adelineation of all ions known to exist in waters.1.4 The values stated in SI uni
4、ts are to be regarded asstandard. No other units of measurement are included in thisstandard.1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health prac
5、tices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D 511 Test Methods for Calcium and Magnesium In WaterD 512 Test Methods for Chloride Ion In WaterD 513 Test Methods for Total and Dissolved Carbon Diox-ide in WaterD 516 Test Meth
6、od for Sulfate Ion in WaterD 857 Test Method for Aluminum in WaterD 858 Test Methods for Manganese in WaterD 859 Test Method for Silica in WaterD 888 Test Methods for Dissolved Oxygen in WaterD 1068 Test Methods for Iron in WaterD 1129 Terminology Relating to WaterD 1179 Test Methods for Fluoride Io
7、n in WaterD 1253 Test Method for Residual Chlorine in WaterD 1293 Test Methods for pH of WaterD 1889 Test Method for Turbidity of Water3D 2579 Test Method for Total Organic Carbon in Water3D 3352 Test Method for Strontium Ion in Brackish Water,Seawater, and BrinesD 3370 Practices for Sampling Water
8、from Closed ConduitsD 3561 Test Method for Lithium, Potassium, and SodiumIons in Brackish Water, Seawater, and Brines by AtomicAbsorption SpectrophotometryD 3867 Test Methods for Nitrite-Nitrate in WaterD 4189 Test Method for Silt Density Index (SDI) of WaterD 4194 Test Methods for Operating Charact
9、eristics of Re-verse Osmosis and Nanofiltration DevicesD 4382 Test Method for Barium in Water, Atomic Absorp-tion Spectrophotometry, Graphite FurnaceD 6161 Terminology Used for Microfiltration, Ultrafiltra-tion, Nanofiltration and Reverse Osmosis Membrane Pro-cesses2.2 American Public Health Associa
10、tion:Standard Methods for the Examination of Water andWastewater, Sixteenth Edition, 1985, pp. 470478, Part427, Sulfite43. Terminology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 For definitions of terms used in this guide, refer toTerminology D 1129 and D 6161.4. Summary of Guide4.1 This guide consists of analyzing water
11、 samples for ions,gases, suspended material, and organics, as well as measuringthe pH and temperature of the water.5. Significance and Use5.1 The performance of RO or NF membranes is stronglyinfluenced by the composition of the feed solution. Overall saltrejection is dependent upon the ratio of mono
12、valent to poly-valent ions as well as the sum total of ions present. Thepermeate flow rate of RO or NF devices is also dependent uponthe sum total of the ions present and the operating temperature,1This guide is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D19 on Water and isthe direct responsibility of
13、 Subcommittee D19.08 on Membranes and Ion ExchangeMaterials.Current edition approved May 1, 2008. Published May 2008. Originallyapproved in 1982. Last previous edition approved in 2003 as D 4195 88 (2003).2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer S
14、ervice at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3Withdrawn.4American Public Health Association, 800 I Street, NW Washington, DC 20001,http:/www.apha.org/.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Dri
15、ve, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.pressure, and recovery rate. Analyses and measurements per-formed in this guide will provide vital data for salt rejectionand permeate flow projections of RO or NF systems forspecific feedwaters.5.2 The recovery at which a RO or NF sys
16、tem can be safelyoperated is dependent upon the composition of the feedsolution. The analyses and measurements performed inthisguide will provide data for the calculation of the maximumrecovery of a RO or NF system for a given feed solution.5.3 The analyses and measurements performed in this guidewi
17、ll be of great assistance in determining the pretreatmentrequirements for a RO or NF system on a given feedwater.6. Procedure6.1 Collect a sample of the water to be tested in accordancewith Practices D 3370.6.2 Determine the concentration of:Calcium (Ca) Manganese (Mn) (to-tal and dissolved)Carbonat
18、e (CO3=)Magnesium (Mg) Iron (Fe) (total, dis-solved, and ferrous)Nitrate (NO3)Sodium (Na) Potassium (K) Fluoride (F)Strontium (Sr) Bicarbonate (HCO3) Phosphate (PO4) (to-tal)Barium (Ba) Sulfate (SO4=) Silica (SiO2) (total anddissolved)Aluminum (Al) (totaland dissolved)Chloride (Cl) Total dissolvedso
19、lids (TDS)in accordance with the documents referenced in Section 2 ofthis guide. The results may be expressed as (a) mg/L as the ion;(b) mg/L as calcium carbonate; or (c) meq/L as the ion.NOTE 1If the analysis is complete, the total cations and total anions(expressed as mg/L calcium carbonate or meq
20、/L as the ion) should balancewithin 5 %. That is:total cations# 2 total anions#!/total cations#! 3 100,65%NOTE 2ASTM methods for aluminum, iron, manganese, and nitratemay not be applicable for seawater.6.3 Determine the organic carbon content of the water usingMethod D 2579.6.4 Determine the concent
21、ration of:Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) (see 2.2) Oxygen (O2)Free chlorine (Cl2) Carbon dioxide (CO2)in accordance with the documents referenced in Section 2 ofthis guide. Express the results as mg/L.6.5 Measure the pH, temperature, turbidity, and silt densityindex in accordance with the ASTM standards ref
22、erenced inSection 2 of this guide.6.5.1 Turbidity should be obtained by the nephelometricmethod.6.5.2 Temperature, pH, and silt density index should bemeasured on-site at the time the sample is collected.7. Precision and Bias7.1 The precision and bias of this guide are a function ofeach individual a
23、nalysis and are given where applicable in thedocuments that are referenced.8. Keywords8.1 nanofiltration; reverse osmosis; water analysisASTM International takes no position respecting the validity of any patent rights asserted in connection with any item mentionedin this standard. Users of this sta
24、ndard are expressly advised that determination of the validity of any such patent rights, and the riskof infringement of such rights, are entirely their own responsibility.This standard is subject to revision at any time by the responsible technical committee and must be reviewed every five years an
25、dif not revised, either reapproved or withdrawn. Your comments are invited either for revision of this standard or for additional standardsand should be addressed to ASTM International Headquarters. Your comments will receive careful consideration at a meeting of theresponsible technical committee,
26、which you may attend. If you feel that your comments have not received a fair hearing you shouldmake your views known to the ASTM Committee on Standards, at the address shown below.This standard is copyrighted by ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959,United States. Individual reprints (single or multiple copies) of this standard may be obtained by contacting ASTM at the aboveaddress or at 610-832-9585 (phone), 610-832-9555 (fax), or serviceastm.org (e-mail); or through the ASTM website(www.astm.org).D4195082
