1、Designation: D4195 08 (Reapproved 2014)Standard Guide forWater Analysis for Reverse Osmosis and NanofiltrationApplication1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D4195; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, th
2、e year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This guide covers the analyses that should be performedon any given water sample if reverse osmosis (RO) orn
3、anofiltration (NF) application is being considered. (See alsoTest Methods D511, D512, D513, D516, D858, D859, D888,D1068, D1179, D1253, D1293, D1889, D3352, D3370,D3561, D3867, D4189, D4194, and D4382.)1.2 This guide is applicable to waters including brackishwaters and seawaters but is not necessari
4、ly applicable to wastewaters.1.3 This is a guide only and should not be construed as adelineation of all ions known to exist in waters.1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded asstandard. No other units of measurement are included in thisstandard.1.5 This standard does not purport to add
5、ress all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D511 Test Met
6、hods for Calcium and Magnesium In WaterD512 Test Methods for Chloride Ion In WaterD513 Test Methods for Total and Dissolved Carbon Dioxidein WaterD516 Test Method for Sulfate Ion in WaterD857 Test Method for Aluminum in WaterD858 Test Methods for Manganese in WaterD859 Test Method for Silica in Wate
7、rD888 Test Methods for Dissolved Oxygen in WaterD1068 Test Methods for Iron in WaterD1129 Terminology Relating to WaterD1179 Test Methods for Fluoride Ion in WaterD1253 Test Method for Residual Chlorine in WaterD1293 Test Methods for pH of WaterD1889 Test Method for Turbidity of Water (Withdrawn2007
8、)3D2579 Test Method for Total Organic Carbon in Water(Withdrawn 2002)3D3352 Test Method for Strontium Ion in Brackish Water,Seawater, and BrinesD3370 Practices for Sampling Water from Closed ConduitsD3561 Test Method for Lithium, Potassium, and SodiumIons in Brackish Water, Seawater, and Brines by A
9、tomicAbsorption SpectrophotometryD3867 Test Methods for Nitrite-Nitrate in WaterD4189 Test Method for Silt Density Index (SDI) of WaterD4194 Test Methods for Operating Characteristics of Re-verse Osmosis and Nanofiltration DevicesD4382 Test Method for Barium in Water,AtomicAbsorptionSpectrophotometr
10、y, Graphite FurnaceD6161 Terminology Used for Microfiltration, Ultrafiltration,Nanofiltration and Reverse Osmosis Membrane Processes2.2 APHA Standards:4APHA Standard Methods for the Examination of Water andWastewater, Sixteenth Edition, 1985, pp. 470478, Part427, Sulfite3. Terminology3.1 Definitions
11、For definitions of terms used in this guide,refer to Terminology D1129 and D6161.4. Summary of Guide4.1 This guide consists of analyzing water samples for ions,gases, suspended material, and organics, as well as measuringthe pH and temperature of the water.1This guide is under the jurisdiction of AS
12、TM Committee D19 on Water and isthe direct responsibility of Subcommittee D19.08 on Membranes and Ion ExchangeMaterials.Current edition approved Jan. 1, 2014. Published March 2014. Originallyapproved in 1982. Last previous edition approved in 2008 as D4195 08. DOI:10.1520/D4195-08R14.2For referenced
13、 ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced onwww.a
14、stm.org.4Available from American Public Health Association (APHA), 800 I Street, NWWashington, DC 20001, http:/www.apha.org.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States15. Significance and Use5.1 The performance of RO or NF membran
15、es is stronglyinfluenced by the composition of the feed solution. Overall saltrejection is dependent upon the ratio of monovalent to poly-valent ions as well as the sum total of ions present. Thepermeate flow rate of RO or NF devices is also dependent uponthe sum total of the ions present and the op
16、erating temperature,pressure, and recovery rate. Analyses and measurements per-formed in this guide will provide vital data for salt rejectionand permeate flow projections of RO or NF systems forspecific feedwaters.5.2 The recovery at which a RO or NF system can be safelyoperated is dependent upon t
17、he composition of the feedsolution. The analyses and measurements performed in thisguide will provide data for the calculation of the maximumrecovery of a RO or NF system for a given feed solution.5.3 The analyses and measurements performed in this guidewill be of great assistance in determining the
18、 pretreatmentrequirements for a RO or NF system on a given feedwater.6. Procedure6.1 Collect a sample of the water to be tested in accordancewith Practices D3370.6.2 Determine the concentration of:Calcium (Ca) Manganese (Mn)(total and dissolved)Carbonate (CO3=)Magnesium (Mg) Iron (Fe) (total,dissolv
19、ed, andferrous)Nitrate (NO3)Sodium (Na) Potassium (K) Fluoride (F)Strontium (Sr) Bicarbonate (HCO3) Phosphate (PO4)(total)Barium (Ba) Sulfate (SO4=) Silica (SiO2) (total anddissolved)Aluminum (Al) (totaland dissolved)Chloride (Cl) Total dissolvedsolids (TDS)in accordance with the documents reference
20、d in Section 2 ofthis guide. The results may be expressed as (a) mg/L as the ion;(b) mg/L as calcium carbonate; or (c) meq/L as the ion.NOTE 1If the analysis is complete, the total cations and total anions(expressed as mg/L calcium carbonate or meq/L as the ion) should balancewithin 5 %. That is:tot
21、al cations# 2 total anions#!/total cations#! 3100,65%NOTE 2ASTM methods for aluminum, iron, manganese, and nitratemay not be applicable for seawater.6.3 Determine the organic carbon content of the water usingMethod D2579.6.4 Determine the concentration of:Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) (see 2.2) Oxygen (O2)
22、Free chlorine (Cl2) Carbon dioxide (CO2)in accordance with the documents referenced in Section 2 ofthis guide. Express the results as mg/L.6.5 Measure the pH, temperature, turbidity, and silt densityindex in accordance with the ASTM standards referenced inSection 2 of this guide.6.5.1 Turbidity shou
23、ld be obtained by the nephelometricmethod.6.5.2 Temperature, pH, and silt density index should bemeasured on-site at the time the sample is collected.7. Precision and Bias7.1 The precision and bias of this guide are a function ofeach individual analysis and are given where applicable in thedocuments
24、 that are referenced.8. Keywords8.1 nanofiltration; reverse osmosis; water analysisASTM International takes no position respecting the validity of any patent rights asserted in connection with any item mentionedin this standard. Users of this standard are expressly advised that determination of the
25、validity of any such patent rights, and the riskof infringement of such rights, are entirely their own responsibility.This standard is subject to revision at any time by the responsible technical committee and must be reviewed every five years andif not revised, either reapproved or withdrawn. Your
26、comments are invited either for revision of this standard or for additional standardsand should be addressed to ASTM International Headquarters. Your comments will receive careful consideration at a meeting of theresponsible technical committee, which you may attend. If you feel that your comments h
27、ave not received a fair hearing you shouldmake your views known to the ASTM Committee on Standards, at the address shown below.This standard is copyrighted by ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959,United States. Individual reprints (single or multip
28、le copies) of this standard may be obtained by contacting ASTM at the aboveaddress or at 610-832-9585 (phone), 610-832-9555 (fax), or serviceastm.org (e-mail); or through the ASTM website(www.astm.org). Permission rights to photocopy the standard may also be secured from the ASTM website (www.astm.org/COPYRIGHT/).D4195 08 (2014)2
