1、Designation: D 4253 00 (Reapproved 2006)Standard Test Methods forMaximum Index Density and Unit Weight of Soils Using aVibratory Table1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 4253; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case o
2、f revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.1. Scope*1.1 These test
3、methods cover the determination of themaximumindex dry density/unit weight of cohesionless, free-draining soils using a vertically vibrating table. The adjective“dry before density or unit weight is omitted in the title andremaining portions of this standard to be consistent with theapplicable defin
4、ition given in Section 3 on Terminology.1.2 Systems of Units:1.2.1 The testing apparatus described in this standard hasbeen developed and manufactured using values in the gravi-metric or inch-pound system. Therefore, test apparatus dimen-sions and mass given in inch-pound units are regarded as thest
5、andard.1.2.2 It is common practice in the engineering profession toconcurrently use pounds to represent both a unit of mass (lbm)and a unit of force (lbf). This implicitly combines two separatesystems of units; that is, the absolute system and the gravita-tional system. It is scientifically undesira
6、ble to combine the useof two separate sets of inch-pound units within a singlestandard. This standard has been written using the gravitationalsystem of units when dealing with the inch-pound system. Inthis system, the pound (lbf) represents a unit of force (weight).However, balances or scales measur
7、e mass; and weight must becalculated. In the inch-pound system, it is common to assumethat 1 lbf is equal to 1 lbm. While reporting density is notregarded as nonconformance with this standard, unit weightsshould be calculated and reported since the results may be usedto determine force or stress.1.2
8、.3 The terms density and unit weight are often usedinterchangeably. Density is mass per unit volume whereas unitweight is force per unit volume. In this standard density isgiven only in SI units. After the density has been determined,the unit weight is calculated in SI or inch-pound units, or both.1
9、.3 Four alternative methods are provided to determine themaximum index density/unit weight, as follows:1.3.1 Method 1AUsing oven-dried soil and an electro-magnetic, vertically vibrating table.1.3.2 Method 1BUsing wet soil and an electromagnetic,vertically vibrating table.1.3.3 Method 2AUsing oven-dr
10、ied soil and an eccentric orcam-driven, vertically vibrating table.1.3.4 Method 2BUsing wet soil and an eccentric orcam-driven vertically vibrating table.1.4 The method to be used should be specified by theindividual assigning the test.1.4.1 The type of table to be used (Method 1 or 2) is likelyto b
11、e decided based upon available equipment.NOTE 1There is evidence to show that electromagnetic tables yieldslightly higher values of maximum index density/unit weight than theeccentric or cam-driven tables.1.4.2 It is recommended that both the dry and wet methods(Methods 1A and 1B or 2A and 2B) be pe
12、rformed whenbeginning a new job or encountering a change in soil types, asthe wet method can yield significantly higher values ofmaximum index density/unit weight for some soils. Such ahigher maximum index density, when considered along withthe minimum index density/unit weight, Test Methods D 4254,
13、will be found to significantly affect the value of the relativedensity (3.2.8) calculated for a soil encountered in the field.While the dry method is often preferred because results canusually be obtained more quickly, as a general rule the wetmethod should be used if it is established that it produ
14、cesmaximum index densities/unit weights that would significantlyaffect the use/application of the value of relative density.1.5 These test methods are applicable to soils that maycontain up to 15 %, by dry mass, of soil particles passing a No.200 (75-m) sieve, provided they still have cohesionless,f
15、ree-draining characteristics (nominal sieve dimensions are in1This standard is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D18 on Soil andRock and are the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D18.03 on Texture,Plasticity and Density Characteristics of Soils.Current edition approved Feb. 1, 2006. Publi
16、shed March 2006. Originallyapproved in 1983. Last previous edition approved in 2000 as D 4253 00.1*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.accordance with Specif
17、ication E11). Further, these test meth-ods are applicable to soils in which 100 %, by dry mass, of soilparticles pass a 3-in. (75-mm) sieve.1.5.1 Soils, for the purpose of these test methods, shall beregarded as naturally occurring cohesionless soils, processedparticles, or composites or mixtures of
18、 natural soils, or mix-tures of natural and processed particles, provided they are freedraining.1.6 These test methods will typically produce a highermaximum dry density/unit weight for cohesionless, free-draining soils than that obtained by impact compaction inwhich a well-defined moisture-density
19、relationship is notapparent. However, for some soils containing between 5 and15 % fines, the use of impact compaction (Test Methods D 698or D 1557) may be useful in evaluating what is an appropriatemaximum index density/unit weight.1.7 For many types of free-draining, cohesionless soils,these test m
20、ethods cause a moderate amount of degradation(particle breakdown) of the soil. When degradation occurs,typically there is an increase in the maximum index density/unit weight obtained, and comparable test results may not beobtained when different size molds are used to test a given soil.1.8 This sta
21、ndard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1
22、ASTM Standards:2C 127 Test Method for Density, Relative Density (SpecificGravity), and Absorption of Coarse AggregateD 422 Test Method for Particle-Size Analysis of SoilsD 653 Terminology Relating to Soil, Rock, and ContainedFluidsD 698 Test Methods for Laboratory Compaction Character-istics of Soil
23、 Using Standard Effort (12 400 ft-lbf/ft3(600kN-m/m3)D 854 Test Methods for Specific Gravity of Soil Solids byWater PycnometerD 1140 Test Methods for Amount of Material in Soils Finerthan No. 200 (75-m) SieveD 1557 Test Methods for Laboratory Compaction Charac-teristics of Soil Using Modified Effort
24、 (56,000 ft-lbf/ft3(2,700 kN-m/m3)D 2216 Test Methods for Laboratory Determination of Wa-ter (Moisture) Content of Soil and Rock by MassD 2487 Practice for Classification of Soils for EngineeringPurposes (Unified Soil Classification System)D 2488 Practice for Description and Identification of Soils(
25、Visual-Manual Procedure)D 3740 Practice for Minimum Requirements for AgenciesEngaged in the Testing and/or Inspection of Soil and Rockas Used in Engineering Design and ConstructionD 4254 Test Methods for Minimum Index Density and UnitWeight of Soils and Calculation of Relative DensityD 4753 Guide fo
26、r Evaluating, Selecting, and SpecifyingBalances and Standard Masses for Use in Soil, Rock, andConstruction Materials TestingD 6026 Practice for Using Significant Digits in Geotechni-cal DataE11 Specification for Wire Cloth and Sieves for TestingPurposesE 177 Practice for Use of the Terms Precision a
27、nd Bias inASTM Test MethodsE 691 Practice for Conducting an Interlaboratory Study toDetermine the Precision of a Test Method3. Terminology3.1 Definitions: For common definitions in this standardrefer to Terminology D 653.3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.2.1 dry density/unit weigh
28、t, rdor gd, nthe dry density/unit weight of a soil deposit or fill at the given void ratio.3.2.2 given void ratio, e, nthe in situ or stated void ratioof a soil deposit or fill.3.2.3 maximum index density/unit weight, rdmaxor gdmax,nthe reference dry density/unit weight of a soil in the denseststate
29、 of compactness that can be attained using a standardlaboratory compaction procedure that minimizes particle seg-regation and breakdown.3.2.4 maximum index void ratio, emax, nthe reference voidratio of a soil at the minimum index density/unit weight.3.2.5 minimum index density/unit weight, rdminor g
30、dmin,nthe reference dry density/unit weight of a soil in the looseststate of compactness at which it can be placed using a standardlaboratory procedure which prevents bulking and minimizesparticle segregation.3.2.6 minimum index void ratio, emin, nthe reference voidratio of a soil at the maximum ind
31、ex density/unit weight.3.2.7 relative density, Dd, nthe ratio, expressed as apercentage, of the difference between the maximum index voidratio and any given void ratio of a cohesionless, free-drainingsoil; to the difference between its maximum and minimumindex void ratios. The equation is as follows
32、:Dd5emax2 eemax2 emin3 100 (1)or, in terms of corresponding dry densitiesDd5rdmaxrd2rdmin!rdrdmax2rdmin!3 100 (2)in terms of corresponding or dry unit weightsDd5gdmaxgd2gdmin!gdgdmax2gdmin!(3)3.2.8 percent compaction or relative compaction, Rc, ntheratio, expressed as a percentage, of the dry densit
33、y/unit weightof a given soil to its maximum index density/unit weight. Theequation is:Rc5rdrdmax3 100 (4)2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standar
34、ds Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.D 4253 00 (2006)2orRc5gdgdmax3 100 (5)3.2.9 density index, Idthe ratio, expressed as a percentage,of the difference between any given dry density/unit weightand the minimum index density/unit weight of a given cohe-sionless soil to the difference between i
35、ts maximum andminimum index densities/unit weights. The equation is:Id5rd2rdminrdmax2rdmin3 100 (6)orId5gd2gdmingdmax2gdmin(7)4. Summary of Test Method4.1 The maximum index density/unit weight of a givenfree-draining soil is determined by placing either oven-dried orwet soil in a mold, applying a 2-
36、lb/in.2(14-kPa) surcharge(dead weight) to the surface of the soil, and then verticallyvibrating the mold, soil, and surcharge. Use either an electro-magnetic, eccentric, or cam-driven vibrating table having asinusoid-like time-vertical displacement relationship at adouble amplitude of vertical vibra
37、tion (peak-to-peak) of about0.013 in. (0.33 mm) for 8 min at 60 Hz or about 0.019 in. (0.48mm) for 10 min at 50 Hz. The maximum index density/unitweight is calculated by dividing the oven-dried mass/weight ofthe densified soil by its volume (average height of densifiedsoil times area of mold).5. Sig
38、nificance and Use5.1 For many cohesionless, free-draining soils, the maxi-mum index density/unit weight is one of the key components inevaluating the state of compactness of a given soil mass that iseither naturally occurring or placed by man (fill).5.1.1 Relative density and percent compaction are
39、com-monly used for evaluating the state of compactness of a givensoil mass. Density/unit weight index is also sometimes used.See Section 3 for descriptions of terms.5.2 It is generally recognized that either relative density orpercent compaction is a good indicator of the state of com-pactness of a
40、given soil mass. However, the engineeringproperties, such as strength, compressibility, and permeabilityof a given soil, compacted by various methods to a given stateof compactness can vary considerably. Therefore, considerableengineering judgment must be used in relating the engineeringproperties o
41、f soil to the state of compactness.5.3 An absolute maximum density/unit weight is not neces-sarily obtained by these test methods.NOTE 2In addition, there are published data to indicate that these testmethods have a high degree of variability.3However, the variability can begreatly reduced by carefu
42、l calibration of equipment, including the vibrat-ing table, and careful attention to proper test procedure and technique.NOTE 3The quality of the result produced by this standard isdependent on the competence of the personnel performing it, and thesuitability of the equipment and facilities used. Ag
43、encies that meet thecriteria of Practice D 3740, generally, are considered capable of competentand objective testing/sampling/inspection/etc. Users of this standard arecautioned that compliance with Practice D 3740 does not in itself assurereliable results. Reliable results depend on many factors; P
44、ractice D 3740provides a means of evaluating some of those factors.5.4 The double amplitude of vertical vibration has beenfound to have a significant effect on the density obtained.3Fora particular vibrating table and mold assembly, the maximumindex density/unit weight of a given material may be obt
45、ainedat a double amplitude of vibration other than the doubleamplitude of 0.013 6 0.002 in. (0.33 6 0.05 mm) at afrequency of 60 Hz or 0.019 6 0.003 in. (0.48 6 0.08 mm) at50 Hz required in this method; that is, dry density/unit weightmay initially increase with increasing double amplitude ofvibrati
46、on, reach a peak, and then decrease with further in-creases in double amplitude of vibration. Furthermore, therelationship between the peak density/unit weight and optimumdouble amplitude of vibration (double amplitude of vibrationwhere peak density/unit weight occurrs) can vary with varioussoil typ
47、es and gradations. For this reason, these methods allowthe use of double amplitudes of vibration other than thatdescribed above, in special circumstances as provided in11.1.6.3.5.5 The use of the standard molds (6.1.1) has been found tobe satisfactory for most soils requiring maximum index-density/u
48、nit weight testing. Special molds (6.1.2) shall only beused when the test results are to be applied in conjunction withdesign or special studies and there is not enough soil to use thestandard molds. Such test results should be applied withcaution as maximum index densities/unit weights obtainedwith
49、 the special molds may not agree with those that would beobtained using the standard molds.6. Apparatus6.1 Mold AssemblyAn example of a typical mold assem-bly is shown in Fig. 1. Individual components and accessoriesshall be as follows:6.1.1 Standard MoldsCylindrical metal molds havingnominal volumes of 0.100 ft3(2 830 cm3) and 0.500 ft3(14 200cm3). The molds shall conform to the requirements shown inFig. 2. The actual volume of the molds shall be within 61.5 %of the specified nominal volume.6.1.2 Special MoldsCylindrical metal molds having acapacity less
