1、Designation: D 4280 04Standard Specification forExtended Life Type, Nonplowable, Raised RetroreflectivePavement Markers1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 4280; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the
2、 year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This specification covers nonplowable, retroreflectiveraised pavement markers for nighttime lane marking and
3、delineation.1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as thestandard. The values given in parentheses are for informationonly.1.3 The following precautionary caveat pertains only to thetest methods portion, Section 9, of this specification: Thisstandard does not purport to address all of
4、the safety concerns,if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the userof this standard to establish appropriate safety and healthpractices and determine the applicability of regulatory limita-tions prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2C 184 Test Method for Finen
5、ess of Hydraulic Cement bythe 150-m (No. 100) and 75-m (No. 200) Sieves3C 430 Test Method for Fineness of Hydraulic Cement bythe 45-m (No. 325) SieveD5 Test Method for Penetration of Bituminous MaterialsD36 Test Method for Softening Point of Bitumen (Ring-and-Ball Apparatus)D70 Test Method for Speci
6、fic Gravity and Density ofSemiSolid Bituminous Materials (Pycnometer Method)D92 Test Method for Flash and Fire Points by ClevelandOpen Cup TesterD 1754 Test Method for Effect of Heat andAir onAsphalticMaterials (Thin-Film Oven Test)D 1785 Specification for Poly(Vinyl Chloride) (PVC) Plas-tic Pipe, S
7、chedules 40, 80, and 120D 1856 Test Method for Recovery ofAsphalt from Solutionby Abson MethodD 2171 Test Method for Viscosity of Asphalts by VacuumCapillary ViscometerD 2172 Test Methods for Quantitative Extraction of Bitu-men from Bituminous Paving MixturesD 2669 Test Method for Apparent Viscosity
8、 of PetroleumWaxes Compounded with Additives (Hot Melts)D 4402 Test Method for Viscosity Determination ofAsphaltat Elevated Temperatures Using a Rotational ViscometerD 5329 Test Methods for Sealants and Fillers, Hot-Applied,for Joints and Cracks in Asphaltic and Portland CementConcrete PavementsE 17
9、7 Practice for Use of the Terms Precision and Bias inASTM Test MethodsE 284 Terminology of AppearanceE 691 Practice for Conducting an Interlaboratory Study toDetermine the Precision of a Test MethodE 808 Practice for Describing RetroreflectionE 809 Practice for Measuring Photometric Characteristicso
10、f RetroreflectorsE811 Practice for Measuring Colorimetric Characteristicsof Retroreflectors Under Nighttime Conditions2.2 Federal Specifications:4TT-T-291 Thinner, Paint, Mineral Spirits, Regular andOdorless2.3 AASHTO Standards:5AASHTO M237 Epoxy ResinAdhesive for Bonding TrafficMarkers to Hardened
11、Concrete3. Terminology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 cleanabilitythe ability of a raised retroreflectivemarker to keep its optical surfaces clean under traffic andenvironmental conditions.3.1.2 coeffcient of luminous intensity, RIthe ratio of theluminous intensity (I) of the retroreflector in the direction o
12、fobservation to the illuminance (E) at the retroreflector on aplane perpendicular to the direction of the incident light,expressed in candelas per lux (cd/lx) (see Practice E 808 andTerminology E 284).1This specification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D04 on Roadand Paving Materials and
13、 is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D04.38 onHighway Traffic Control Materials.Current edition approved July 1, 2004. Published July 2004. Originally approvedin 1983. Last previous edition approved in 2003 as D 4280 03.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, o
14、rcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3Withdrawn.4Available from U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC 20402.5Available from American Association of State Highw
15、ay and TransportationOfficials (AASHTO), 444 N. Capitol St., NW, Suite 249, Washington, DC 20001.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.3.1.2.1 DiscussionWhen values are low, the coefficient of(retroreflected) luminous inten
16、sity may be given in millican-delas per lux. In inch-pound units, RIis given in candelas perfootcandle (cd/fc). Historically, the term “specific intensity”and symbol (“SI”) have been used to designate this term but“RI” is preferred.3.1.3 colorchromaticity, according to the CIE (Commis-sion Internati
17、onale de lEclairage) 1931 colorimetric system.3.1.4 horizontal entrance anglethe angle in the horizontalplane between the direction of incident light and the normal tothe leading edge of the marker.3.1.4.1 DiscussionThis angle corresponds to the entranceangle b2 when the marker is positioned for pho
18、tometry. Thedirection given in Practice E 808 should be used when desig-nating this angle.3.1.5 observation anglethe angle between the illumina-tion axis and the observation axis. (See also Practice E 808.)3.1.6 retroreflectionreflection in which radiation is re-turned in directions close to the dir
19、ection from which it came,this property being maintained over wide variations of thedirection of incident radiation.3.1.7 retroreflective elementa minimal optical unit thatproduces retroreflection, for example, a cube corner or abiconvex structure.4. Classification4.1 Markers should be classified as
20、 to type, color, andabrasion resistance.4.1.1 Types of Markers:4.1.1.1 Type ATwo-way reflective markers, one color.4.1.1.2 Type BOne-way reflective markers, one color.4.1.1.3 Type ETwo-way reflective markers, two colors.4.1.2 Retroreflected Color of Markers:4.1.2.1 WWhite.4.1.2.2 YYellow.4.1.2.3 RRe
21、d.4.1.2.4 BBlue.4.1.2.5 GGreen.4.1.3 Abrasion Resistance:4.1.3.1 Designated HMarker with hard, abrasion-resistantlens surface.4.1.4 Flexural Strength:4.1.4.1 Designated FMarker with sufficient longitudinalstrength for application to flexible, asphaltic concrete pave-ment.4.2 Show classification in t
22、he order detailed in 4.1.1 through4.1.3.1: type, color, abrasion resistance, and flexural strength.For example, ERWF is a two-way red-and-white markerwithout abrasion resistant surface and with sufficient flexuralstrength for application to flexible pavement.5. Ordering Information5.1 Orders for mat
23、erial under this specification shouldinclude the following information:5.1.1 Quantity,5.1.2 Type of marker: retroreflective one way, or retrore-flective two way,5.1.3 Color of marker,5.1.4 Abrasion resistance, if needed, and5.1.5 Flexural strength, if needed.NOTE 1Flexural strength is not critical w
24、hen application is to portlandcement concrete pavement, but is critical when application is to some softasphaltic concrete pavements.6. Requirements for Retroreflective Markers6.1 Construction:6.1.1 The marker shall be comprised of materials withadequate chemical, water, and UV resistance for the in
25、tendeduse.6.1.2 Marker height shall not exceed 20.3 mm (0.80 in.).6.1.3 Marker width shall not exceed 130 mm (5.1 in.).6.1.4 The angle between the face of the marker and the baseshall be no greater than 45, except as provided in 6.1.4.1.6.1.4.1 If the angle between the face of the marker and thebase
26、 is greater than 45, or if the marker front has protuber-ances of more than 1 mm (0.04 in.), then as part of typeacceptance, the marker shall be subjected to a 6-month roadtest during the time of the year when weather and trafficconditions are most critical to cleanability. Cleanability isdetermined
27、 by measuring coefficient of luminous intensitybefore and after washing the marker lens.6.1.5 The base of the marker shall be substantially free fromgloss or substances that may reduce its bond to adhesive.6.1.6 The base of the marker shall be flat within 1.3 mm(0.05 in.). If the bottom of the marke
28、r is configurated, theprotruding faces of the configurations shall not deviate morethan 1.3 mm (0.05 in.) from a plane.6.1.7 Construction not meeting the requirements of 6.1.2,6.1.3, 6.1.4, 6.1.6,or6.1.7, but meeting the performancerequirements of 6.2, will be acceptable following a 12-monthroad tes
29、t to determine cleanability, durability, and adhesion tothe road.6.2 Performance Requirements:6.2.1 Retroreflectivity:6.2.1.1 For new markers, coefficient of luminous intensity(RI) measured in accordance with 9.1 shall be not less than thevalues in Table 1.6.2.1.2 For abrasion resistant markers, aft
30、er abrading themarker per 9.5, coefficient of luminous intensity at 0 entranceangle measured in accordance with 9.1 shall be not less thanthe values in Table 1 multiplied by 0.5.NOTE 2No abrasion resistance test has been established for markershaving biconvex optical elements.NOTE 3Some two-color ma
31、rkers may intentionally have only one ofthe retroreflective faces abrasion resistant, in which case, the second faceshould not be abraded.NOTE 4No laboratory abrasion test can be expected to model the fullrange of surface wear of pavement markers in use.6.2.2 Because no practical laboratory procedur
32、es have beendetermined to provide complete, reliable, and predictive infor-mation on adhesive bond strength, the user is encouraged toseek information from alternative sources such as field tests. Afield test of duration 12 months is recommended. A controlmarker is chosen with known satisfactory adh
33、esion. The testmarkers may be required to experience no more than 1.5 timesas great an adhesion failure rate as the controls. The testseverity should be such that between 3 % and 20 % of theD4280042controls fail during the field test. There must be adequatenumbers of test markers and controls for st
34、atistical validity.6.2.3 Physical Properties:6.2.3.1 Flexural Strength (designation F markers only)When tested in accordance with 9.2.1, a marker shall withstand8914 N (909 kgf, 2000 lbf) without breakage.NOTE 5Method 9.2.1 tests longitudinal flexural strength, distinctfrom the flexural strength tes
35、ted in previous editions of this specification.6.2.3.2 Compressive StrengthWhen tested in accordancewith 9.2.2, a marker shall support a load of 2727 kg (6000 lb)without breakage or significant deformation of the marker.Significant deformation shall be understood to be 3.3 mm (0.13in.).6.2.4 ColorWh
36、en the retroreflector is illuminated by CIEStandard SourceAand when measured in accordance with 9.3,the color of the retroreflected light shall fall within the colorgamuts given by the following corner points and shown in Fig.1.6.2.4.1 WhitePoint No. xy1 0.310 0.3482 0.453 0.4403 0.500 0.4404 0.500
37、0.3805 0.440 0.3806 0.310 0.2836.2.4.2 YellowPoint No. xy1 0.545 0.4242 0.559 0.4393 0.609 0.3904 0.597 0.3906.2.4.3 RedPoint No. xy1 0.650 0.3302 0.668 0.3303 0.734 0.2654 0.721 0.2596.2.4.4 BluePoint No. xy1 0.039 0.3202 0.160 0.3203 0.160 0.2404 0.183 0.2185 0.088 0.1426.2.4.5 GreenPoint No. xy1
38、0.009 0.7332 0.288 0.5203 0.209 0.3954 0.012 0.4946.2.5 Resistance to Lens Cracking:6.2.5.1 Lens Impact StrengthWhen impacted in accor-dance with 9.4.1, the face of the lens shall show no more thantwo radial cracks longer than 6.4 mm (0.25 in.). There shall beno radial cracks extending to the edge o
39、f the abrasion resistantarea. There shall be no delamination.6.2.5.2 Temperature CyclingWhen subjected to tempera-ture cycling in accordance with 9.4.2, there shall be nocracking or delamination.7. Sampling7.1 For markers not resistant to abrasion, sample size shallbe 20 markers for each lot of 10 0
40、00 markers or less and 40markers for each lot of more than 10 000 markers. For markerswith an abrasion-resistant surface, ten additional samples shallbe required. Lot size shall not exceed 25 000 markers.TABLE 1 Coefficient of Luminous Intensity RINOTE 1The retroreflector axis and datum axis of the
41、marker are as shown in Fig. 2 and Fig. 3.NOTE 2Entrance angle component b1 and rotation angle e are 0.NOTE 3The SI values in the table are to be regarded as the standard. The inch-pound values are provided for information.Entrance Angle Component b2 Observation Angle aMinimum Value RI, mcd/lxWhite Y
42、ellow Red Green Blue0 0.2 279 167 70 93 26+ 20/20 0.2 112 67 28 37 10Entrance Angle Component b2 Observation Angle aMinimum Value RI, cd/fcWhite Yellow Red Green Blue0 0.2 3.0 1.8 0.75 1.0 0.28+ 20/20 0.2 1.2 0.72 0.30 0.4 0.11FIG. 1 Color Gamut per 6.2.4D42800438. Number of Tests and Retests8.1 For
43、 coefficient of luminous intensity (9.1.1), the entiresample of retroreflective pavement markers shall be tested.Failure of more than 10 % of the reflective faces shall be causefor rejection of the entire lot represented by the sample. Forabrasion resistant markers, in addition to the test of 9.1.1,
44、 fourreflective faces passing the photometric requirements of 9.1.1shall be subjected to abrasion (9.1.2) and remeasured; failure ofmore than one sample shall be cause for rejection of the entirelot.8.2 For longitudinal flexural strength (9.2.1), compressivestrength (9.2.2), and color (9.3), three s
45、pecimens shall betested. Specimens previously subjected to photometry (9.1.1),color (9.3), and the abrasion specified for 9.1.2 are acceptablefor tests of longitudinal flexural strength (9.2.1) and compres-sive strength (9.2.2). Failure of more than one specimen shallbe cause for rejection of the en
46、tire lot.8.3 For lens impact strength (9.4.1) and resistance to tem-perature cycling (9.4.2), ten specimens shall be tested for eachrequirement. Failure of more than one of the specimens ineither test shall be cause for rejection of the entire lot.8.4 In the event of failure that would result in rej
47、ection of alot, and at the discretion of the purchaser, a resample may betaken consisting of double the number of samples originallytested. Tolerances for resamples shall be in the same ratio asspecified above.9. Test Methods9.1 Coeffcient of Luminous Intensity:9.1.1 ProcedureMeasure coefficient of
48、luminous intensityin accordance with Practice E 809. Angular aperture of thesource and angular aperture of the receiver shall each be nolarger than 0.1. Angular aperture of the retroreflective ele-ments shall be no larger than 0.02. If the retroreflectiveelements are no larger than 5.3 mm (0.21 in.)
49、 in diameter,suggested test dimensions are 15.2-m (50-ft) distance,25.4-mm (1.0-in.) diameter receptor, and 25.4-mm (1.0-in.)diameter source. Other test distances are acceptable providedthat the stated angular aperture requirements are met and thatthe marker subtends no more than 1 at the source. Measure thedistance from the light source exit pupil to the center of theretroreflective face of the marker. The base of the marker shalllie on a plane parallel to the illumination axis and perpendicu-lar to the observation half-plan
