1、Designation: D 4383 05e1Standard Specification forPlowable, Raised Retroreflective Pavement Markers1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 4383; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revisi
2、on. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.e1NOTEFigure 4 was corrected editorially in August 2005.1. Scope1.1 This specification covers a type of plowable, retroreflec-tive, raised p
3、avement marker for lane marking and delineation.1.2 Retroreflective markers are intended for nighttime vis-ibility.1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as thestandard. The values given in parentheses are for informationonly.1.4 The following precautionary caveat pertains only to thet
4、est methods portion, Section 10, of this specification: Thisstandard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns,if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the userof this standard to establish appropriate safety and healthpractices and determine the applicability of reg
5、ulatory limita-tions prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2A 536 Specification for Ductile Iron CastingsC 184 Test Method for Fineness of Hydraulic Cement bythe 150-m (No. 100) and 75-m (No. 200) Sieves3C 430 Test Method for Fineness of Hydraulic Cement bythe 45-m (No. 325) SieveD5
6、 Test Method for Penetration of Bituminous MaterialsD36 Test Method for Softening Point of Bitumen (Ring-and-Ball Apparatus)D70 Test Method for Specific Gravity and Density ofSemi-Solid Bituminous Materials (Pycnometer Method)D92 Test Method for Flash and Fire Points by ClevelandOpen Cup TesterD 175
7、4 Test Method for Effect of Heat andAir onAsphalticMaterials (Thin-Film Oven Test)D 1785 Specification for Poly(Vinyl Chloride) (PVC) Plas-tic Pipe, Schedules 40, 80, and 120D 1856 Test Method for Recovery ofAsphalt from Solutionby Abson MethodD 2171 Test Method for Viscosity of Asphalts by VacuumCa
8、pillary ViscometerD 2172 Test Methods for Quantitative Extraction of Bitu-men from Bituminous Paving MixturesD 2669 Test Method for Apparent Viscosity of PetroleumWaxes Compounded with Additives (Hot Melts)3D 4280 Specification for Extended Life Type, Nonplow-able, Raised Retroreflective Pavement Ma
9、rkersD 4402 Test Method for Viscosity Determination of As-phalts at Elevated Temperatures Using a Rotational Vis-cometerD 5329 Test Methods for Sealants and Fillers, Hot-Applied,for Joints and Cracks in Asphaltic and Portland CementConcrete PavementsE18 Test Methods for Rockwell Hardness and Rockwel
10、lSuperficial Hardness of Metallic MaterialsE 284 Terminology of AppearanceE 308 Practice for Computing the Colors of Objects byUsing the CIE SystemE 691 Practice for Conducting an Interlaboratory Study toDetermine the Precision of a Test MethodE 808 Practice for Describing RetroreflectionE 809 Pract
11、ice for Measuring Photometric Characteristicsof RetroreflectorsE811 Practice for Measuring Colorimetric Characteristicsof Retroreflectors Under Nighttime Conditions2.2 Federal Specifications:4TT-T-291 Thinner, Paint, Mineral Spirits, Regular andOdorless2.3 AASHTO Standards:5AASHTO M237 Epoxy ResinAd
12、hesive for Bonding TrafficMarkers to Hardened Concrete3. Terminology3.1 Definitions:1This specification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D04 on Roadand Paving Materials and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D04.38 onHighway Traffic Control Materials.Current edition approved Feb
13、. 1, 2005. Published February 2005. Originallyapproved in 1984. Last previous edition approved in 2003 as D 4383 03.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to
14、the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3Withdrawn.4Available from U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC 20402.5Available from American Association of State Highway and TransportationOfficials, 444 N. Capitol, Washington, DC 20001.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harb
15、or Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.3.1.1 cleanabilitythe ability of a raised retroreflectivemarker to keep its optical surfaces clean under traffic andenvironmental conditions.3.1.2 coeffcient of luminous intensity, RIthe ratio of theluminous intensity (I) of the
16、retroreflector in the direction ofobservation to the illuminance (E) at the retroreflector on aplane perpendicular to the direction of the incident light,expressed in candelas per lux (cd/lx) (see Practice E 808 andTerminology E 284).3.1.2.1 DiscussionWhen values are low, the coefficient of(retroref
17、lected) luminous intensity may be given in millican-delas per lux. In inch-pound units, RIis given in candelas perfootcandle (cd/fc). Historically, the term “specific intensity”and symbol “SI” have been used to designate this term but “RI”is preferred.3.1.3 colorexpressed by chromaticity coordinates
18、 accord-ing to the CIE (Commission Internationale de lEclairage1931) standard colorimetric system.3.1.4 horizontal entrance anglethe angle in the horizontalplane between the direction of incident light and the normal tothe leading edge of the marker.3.1.4.1 DiscussionThis angle corresponds to the en
19、tranceangle component b2 when the marker is positioned forphotometry. (See Practice E 808.) The direction given inPractice E 808 should be used when designating this angle.3.1.5 observation anglethe angle at the reflector betweenthe illumination axis and the observation axis. (See PracticeE 808.)3.2
20、 Description of Term Specific to This Standard:3.2.1 raised retroreflective pavement markers, raised ret-roreflective marker, retroreflective marker, and markerusedinterchangeably in this specification to refer to a molded plasticprismatic retroreflector, the reflecting area of which is coveredwith
21、an abrasion-resistant lens surface. The terms do notinclude the metal holder sometimes used to protect markersfrom plow blades.4. Classification4.1 Markers shall be classified as to type, color, andintended application.4.1.1 Types of Markers:4.1.1.1 Type ATwo-way retroreflective markers, onecolor.4.
22、1.1.2 Type BOne-way retroreflective markers, onecolor.4.1.1.3 Type ETwo-way retroreflective marker, two col-ors.4.1.2 Color of Markers:4.1.2.1 WWhite,4.1.2.2 YYellow,4.1.2.3 RRed,4.1.2.4 BBlue, and4.1.2.5 GGreen.4.1.3 Intended Application of Markers:4.1.3.1 Marker to be mounted in a holder.4.1.3.2 M
23、arker to be mounted in a recess.4.1.4 Show classification in the order detailed in 4.1.1-4.1.3.2: type, color, and application.4.2 Holders shall be classified as to the design installedheight of the holder above the pavement.5. Ordering Information5.1 Orders for markers under this specification shou
24、ldinclude the following information:5.1.1 Quantity,5.1.2 Type of markerRetroreflective one-way or retrore-flective two-way, and5.1.3 Color of marker.5.2 Orders for holders under this specification should in-clude the following information:5.2.1 Design installed maximum height of the holder.6. Perfor
25、mance Requirements6.1 Retroreflectivity6.1.1 For new markers, coefficient of luminous intensity(RI) measured in accordance with 10.1 shall be not less thanthe values in Table 1.6.1.2 After abrading the marker per 10.2, coefficient ofluminous intensity at 0 entrance angle measured in accor-dance with
26、 10.1 shall be not less than the values in Table 1multiplied by 0.5.NOTE 1No laboratory abrasion test has been established for markershaving biconvex optical elements.NOTE 2Some two-color markers may intentionally have only one ofthe retroreflective faces abrasion resistant, in which case the second
27、 faceshould not be abraded.NOTE 3No laboratory abrasion test can be expected to model the fullrange of surface wear of pavement markers in use.6.2 ColorWhen the retroreflector is illuminated by a CIEStandard Source A and when measured in accordance with10.3, the color of the retroreflected light sha
28、ll fall within thecolor gamuts given by the following corner points and shownin Fig. 1:6.2.1 WhitePoint No. xy1 0.310 0.3482 0.453 0.4403 0.500 0.4404 0.500 0.3805 0.440 0.3806 0.310 0.2836.2.2 YellowTABLE 1 Coefficient of Luminous Intensity RINOTE 1The retroreflector axis and datum axis of the mark
29、er are asshown in Fig. 2 and Fig. 3.NOTE 2Entrance angle component b1 and rotation angle e are 0.NOTE 3The RIvalues in mcd/lx are to be regarded as the standard.The values in cd/fc are provided for information.Entrance Angleb2ObservationAngleaMinimum Value RI, mcd/lxWhite Yellow Red Green Blue0+ 20/
30、200.20.227911216767702893372610Entrance Angleb2ObservationAngleaMinimum Value RI, cd/fcWhite Yellow Red Green Blue0+ 20/200.20.23.01.21.80.720.750.301.00.400.280.11D438305e12Point No. xy1 0.545 0.4242 0.559 0.4393 0.609 0.3904 0.597 0.3906.2.3 RedPoint No. xy1 0.650 0.3302 0.668 0.3303 0.734 0.2654
31、0.721 0.2596.2.4 BluePoint No. xy1 0.039 0.3202 0.160 0.3203 0.160 0.2404 0.183 0.2185 0.088 0.1426.2.5 GreenPoint No. xy1 0.009 0.7332 0.288 0.5203 0.209 0.3954 0.012 0.4946.3 Lens Impact StrengthWhen impacted in accordancewith 10.4.2 the face of the lens shall show no more than tworadial cracks lo
32、nger than 6.4 mm (0.25 in.). There shall be noradial cracks extending to the edge of the abrasion-resistantarea. There shall be no delamination.6.4 Temperature CyclingWhen subjected to temperaturecycling in accordance with 10.4.3 there shall be no cracking ordelamination.6.5 Adhesive Bond StrengthBe
33、cause no practical labora-tory procedures have been determined to provide complete,reliable, and predictive information on adhesive bond strength,the user is encouraged to seek information from alternativesources such as field tests.Afield test of duration 12 months isrecommended. A control marker i
34、s chosen with known satis-factory adhesion. The test markers may be required to experi-ence no more than 1.5 times as great an adhesion failure rate asthe controls. The test severity should be such that between 3 %and 20 % of the controls fail during the field test. There mustbe adequate numbers of
35、test markers and controls for statisticalvalidity.6.6 Compressive StrengthTested in accordance with 10.5,a marker shall support a load of 26700 N (2720 kgf, 6000 lbf)without breakage or significant deformation of the marker.Significant permanent deformation shall be understood to be3.2 mm (0.13 in.)
36、. For markers laminated to an elastomericpad, remove the pad before testing.6.7 Ramp Hardness of HoldersMeasured in accordancewith 10.6, the hardness of the ramps shall be 51-55 HRC.7. Construction Requirements for RetroreflectiveMarkers7.1 To withstand plowing, raised retroreflective markers arepro
37、tected either by recessing within a groove below thepavement surface (see Appendix X1), mounting within aholder having metal ramps to deflect plowblades, or by othermethods approved by the purchaser.7.2 Retroreflective Markers:7.2.1 The marker shall be comprised of materials withadequate chemical, w
38、ater, and UV resistance for the intendeduse.7.2.2 The marker width shall be approximately 102 mm (4in.).7.2.3 The angle between the face of the marker and the baseshall be no greater than 45.7.2.4 Markers to be mounted in a holder may preferably belaminated to an elastomeric pad.7.2.5 The base of th
39、e marker shall be flat within 1.3 mm(0.05 in.). If the bottom of the marker is configurated, theoutermost faces of the configurations shall not deviate morethan 1.3 mm (0.05 in.) from a flat surface.7.2.6 Other construction meeting the performance require-ments will be acceptable following a six-mon
40、th road testduring the time of the year when weather and traffic conditionsare most critical to determine cleanability and durability.7.3 Holder:7.3.1 The installed height of the holder shall not exceed 10.9mm (0.43 in.) above the road surface.7.3.2 The holder shall be nodular iron, conforming toSpe
41、cification A 536, Grade 80-55-06, hardened to 51-55 HRC,when tested according to Test Methods E18.7.3.3 To minimize plow blade impact and damage to thecasting, the plow blade deflecting ramps of the holder shall beangled not more than 6 to the surface of the road.7.3.4 The ramps shall be so designed
42、 that there shall be novertical surfaces above the road level that can be contacted bythe plow blade moving in the normal travel direction of theroad.7.3.5 Surfaces of the holder shall be free of scale, dirt, rust,oil, grease, or any other contaminant which may reduce itsbond to the adhesive with wh
43、ich the holder is installed or withwhich the marker is mounted.FIG. 1 Color Gamut per 6.2D438305e137.3.6 The holder shall be designed to be partially recessedbelow the pavement surface to withstand plow impact. It shallhave means for indexing the pavement surface, such as tabs.7.3.7 Other holder con
44、structions may be acceptable at theoption of the purchaser following a six-month road test duringthe time of the year when weather conditions are most criticalto determine durability.8. Sampling8.1 For markers supplied not mounted in holders, 26 mark-ers selected at random will constitute a represen
45、tative samplefor each lot consisting of 10 000 markers or less. Forty markerswill constitute a representative sample for lots consisting ofmore than 10 000 markers. The lot size shall not exceed 25 000markers.8.2 For markers supplied mounted in holders, the purchasermay require the sample quantities
46、 specified in 8.1 or, alterna-tively for practicality of testing, may require 10 samples of themarkers installed in holders and, in addition, require that themanufacturer submit 26 or 40 loose markers, as in 8.1, certifiedto be representative of the markers shipped in holders.9. Number of Tests and
47、Retests9.1 For coefficient of luminous intensity before abrasion(6.1), the entire sample of retroreflective pavement markersshall be photometered in accordance with 10.1. The failure ofmore than 10 % of the retroreflective faces shall be cause forrejection of the entire lot represented by the sample
48、.9.2 For abrasion resistance (6.1.2), four retroreflective facespassing the photometric requirements of 6.1 shall be subjectedto abrasion in accordance with 10.2 and rephotometered inaccordance with 10.1; the failure of more than one retroreflec-tive face shall be cause for rejection of the entire l
49、ot.9.3 For compressive strength (6.6), and color (6.2), threespecimens shall be tested for each requirement. Specimenspreviously subjected to measurement of coefficient of luminousintensity before abrasion, 10.1, measurement of abrasion resis-tance, 10.2, and to color tests may be used for tests ofcompressive strength. Failure of more than one specimen shallbe cause for rejection of the lot.9.4 For lens impact strength (6.3), resistance to temperaturecycling (6.4), and ramp hardness of holders (6.7), ten speci-mens shall be tested fo
