1、Designation: D 3218 07Standard Specification forPolyolefin Monofilaments1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 3218; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses
2、 indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This specification covers polyolefin monofilament yarnmaterials, and test methods for standard polyolefin monofila-ments. While designed primarily for test
3、ing standard polyolefinmonofilaments, many of the procedures can be used, with littleor no modification, for other polyolefin monofilaments. How-ever, testing on non-standard polyolefin monofilaments shouldbe conducted with caution. See for a definition of standardpolyolefin monofilament.1.2 Only on
4、 condition that interlaboratory precision data areavailable for the specific procedure is any test method de-scribed, or referenced in this specification, recommended foracceptance testing of commercial shipments of polyolefinmonofilaments.1.3 The specification for polyolefin raw materials appears i
5、nSection 4.1.4 The test methods for individual properties appear in thefollowing sections:Property SectionBreaking Force 10Breaking Tenacity 10Elongation 10Gloss 13Hot Water Shrinkage 14Initial Modulus 10Polyolefin-Material Cleanliness 17Resistance to Ultraviolet Radiation 15Stability to Thermal Oxi
6、dation 16Tensile Properties 10Thickness 12Width 11Yarn Number 9NOTE 1In most instances, the suitability of these procedures forpolymeric yarns in general, and polyolefin monofilaments in particular, isalready accepted in commercial transactions (see 6.1).1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be r
7、egarded asstandard; the values in English units are provided as informa-tion only and are not exact equivalents.1.6 The following safety hazards caveat pertains only to thetest methods described in this specification: This standard mayinvolve hazardous materials, operations, and equipment. Thisstand
8、ard does not purport to address all of the safety problems,if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the userof this standard to establish appropriate safety and healthpractices and determine the applicability of regulatory limita-tions prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM
9、 Standards:2D 123 Terminology Relating to TextilesD 374 Test Methods for Thickness of Solid Electrical Insu-lationD 1248 Specification for Polyethylene Plastics ExtrusionMaterials for Wire and CableD 1776 Practice for Conditioning and Testing TextilesD 1907 Test Method for Linear Density of Yarn (Ya
10、rnNumber) by the Skein MethodD 1921 Test Methods for Particle Size (Sieve Analysis) ofPlastic MaterialsD 2146 Specification for Propylene Plastic Molding andExtrusion Materials3D 2256 Test Method for Tensile Properties of Yarns by theSingle-Strand MethodD 2258 Practice for Sampling Yarn for TestingD
11、 2259 Test Method for Shrinkage of YarnsD 2565 Practice for Xenon-Arc Exposure of Plastics In-tended for Outdoor ApplicationsD 4101 Specification for Polypropylene Injection and Ex-trusion MaterialsD 4849 Terminology Relating to Yarns and FibersE 203 Test Method for Water Using Volumetric Karl Fisch
12、erTitrationG26 Practice for Operating Light-Exposure Apparatus(Xenon-Arc Type) With and Without Water for Exposureof Nonmetallic Materials (Discontinued 2001)31This specification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D13 onTextiles and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D13.58 on Yar
13、ns andFibers.Current edition approved Jan. 1, 2007. Published January 2007. Originallyapproved in 1973. Last previous edition approved in 2001 as D 3218 01.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of AST
14、MStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3Withdrawn.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.2.2 Other Documents:Federal Test Method Standard No. 141a, Sept. 1, 1965,Sectio
15、n 6000, Method 6101 “60-Degree Specular Gloss”4Technical Report 24 “A Rapid Method for the Determi-nation of Moisture in Pigmented Polyethylene CoatingMaterials,” Eastman Chemical Products Inc.53. Terminology3.1 For all terminology relating to D13.58, Yarns andFibers, refer to Terminology D 4849.3.1
16、.1 The following terms are relevant to this standard:breaking force, draw ratio, drawing, elongation at break, gloss,heat shrinkage, initial modulus, monofilament, polyolefin,resistance to ultraviolet radiation, polyolefin-material cleanli-ness, stability to thermal oxidation, standard polyolefinmon
17、ofilament, tape yarn.3.2 For all other terminology related to textiles, efer toTerminology D 123.4. Polyolefin-Monofilament Raw Materials4.1 Polyolefin Monofilaments shall be made from eitherpolypropylene as specified in 4.2, or polyethylene as specifiedin 4.3.4.2 Polypropylene shall meet the requir
18、ements for Group 1or 2, as detailed in Specification D 4101.4.3 Polyethylene shall have a density higher than 940 kg/m3and shall meet the requirements for polyethylene plastics, asdetailed in Specification D 1248.4.4 Flow Rate of the polyolefin materials shall be agreedupon by the purchaser and the
19、supplier, and shall be determinedas directed in either Specification D 1248 or D 2146, which-ever is applicable.4.5 Particle SizeShipments of polyolefin raw materialsmay be rated for particle size. When specified, particle sizeshall be determined by the multi-sieve analysis described inMethod A of T
20、est Methods D 1921.4.6 Polyolefin-Material CleanlinessAlthough resin clean-liness is not a structural or chemical characteristic, shipmentsmay be advisable to rate shipments for the amount of foreignmatter in, or on, delivered polyolefin raw materials.4.6.1 When specified, polyolefin-material cleanl
21、iness shallbe determined by the procedure described in Section 17 of thisspecification.4.7 Moisture ContentSome monofilament-extrusion pro-cesses may be sensitive to slight amounts of moisture, inher-ently or otherwise present in the polyolefin raw material. Insuch cases, shipments may be rated for
22、moisture content.4.7.1 Superficial Moisture Content of polyolefin materials,when specified, shall be determined in accordance with theProcedure for Insoluble Solids in Test Method E 203.4.7.2 Total Moisture Content, when specified, shall bedetermined in accordance with a method to be agreed uponbetw
23、een the purchaser and the supplier. The technique illus-trated in Eastman Technical Report 24,6based on gas chroma-tography of vaporized moisture, is an acceptable analyticalapproach.TEST METHODS5. Summary5.1 Summaries of the various testing procedures are in-cluded in the referenced test methods, o
24、r in pertinent sectionsof this specification.6. Significance and Use6.1 Acceptance TestingThe test methods in SpecificationD 3218 for the determination of the properties of polyolefinmonofilaments are considered satisfactory for acceptance test-ing of commercial shipments of polyolefin monofilaments
25、,unless specified in the individual test method. These testmethods are the best available and are used extensively in thetrade.6.1.1 If there are differences or practical significance be-tween reported test results for two laboratories (or more)comparative test should be performed to determine if th
26、ere is astatistical bias between them, using competent statistical assis-tance. As a minimum, test samples that are as homogeneous aspossible, drawn from the material from which the disparate testresults were obtained, and randomly assigned in equal numbersto each laboratory for testing. The test re
27、sults from the twolaboratories should be compared using a statistical test forunpaired data, at a probability level chosen prior to the testingseries. If a bias is found either its cause must be found andcorrected or future test results for that material must beadjusted in consideration of the known
28、 bias.7. Sampling and Number of Specimens7.1 Take samples as directed in the applicable materialspecification, or as agreed upon by the purchaser and thesupplier. In the absence of an applicable material specification,or other agreement, take a lot sample and laboratory samples asdirected in Practic
29、e D 2258.NOTE 2An adequate specification or other agreement between thepurchaser and the supplier requires taking into account variability betweenshipping units, between packages, or ends within a shipping unit, andbetween specimens from a single package so as to provide a sampling planwith a meanin
30、gful producers risk, consumers risk, acceptable qualitylevel, and limiting quality level.7.2 The required number of specimens is covered in thereferenced methods, or in the pertinent sections.8. Conditioning8.1 Expose the specimens in the standard atmosphere fortesting textiles, as defined in Practi
31、ce D 1776; except that it isnot essential to control humidity.4Available from Standardization Documents Order Desk, Bldg. 4 Section D, 700Robbins Ave., Philadelphia, PA 19111-5094, Attn: NPODS.5Available from Eastman Chemical Products, Inc., Subsidiary of EastmanKodak Co., P. O. Box 431, Kingsport,
32、TN 37662.6The Gardner Automatic Photometer Unit, Model AUX-3, available fromGardner Laboratory, Inc., P. O. Box 5728 (5221 Landy Lane), Bethesda, MD 20014,or its equivalent, has been found satisfactory for this method.D32180729. Yarn Number9.1 ProcedureDetermine the direct yarn number in tex ordenie
33、r to three significant figures as directed in Option 1 of TestMethod D 1907.9.2 Report:9.2.1 State that the specimens were tested as directed inSection 9 of Specification D 3218. Describe the material orproduct sampled and the method of sampling used.9.2.2 Report the direct yarn number in tex, or in
34、 denier.10. Tensile Properties10.1 ApparatusTensile testing machine of a type as speci-fied in Test Method D 2256. All types of tensile machinesdescribed in Test Method D 2256 are adequate to test polyole-fin monofilaments with a draw ratio between 5:1 and 7:1.Polyolefin monofilaments with draw rati
35、os outside this rangecannot be tested with assurance of correct results, by all tensilemachines specified in Test Method D 2256.10.2 ProcedureDetermine the breaking force, the break-ing tenacity, and the elongation of adequately conditionedpolyolefin monofilaments, using configuration A, condition 1
36、of Test Method D 2256.10.3 Report:10.3.1 State that the specimens were tested as directed inSection 10 of Specification D 3218. Describe the material orproduct sampled and the method of sampling used.10.3.2 Report the following information for each laboratorysampling unit and for the lot:10.3.2.1 Br
37、eaking force,10.3.2.2 Breaking tenacity,10.3.2.3 Elongation at break, as a percentage of the nominalgage length, and10.3.2.4 Initial modulus.11. Width11.1 ScopeThis test method covers the measurement ofthe width of polyolefin monofilaments, by means of a cali-brated microscope.11.2 Summary of Test M
38、ethodAspecimen is placed on themicroscope stage and is viewed under a magnification of 253.The width of the specimen is measured using a reticle scaledeyepiece or filar micrometer eyepiece.11.3 Apparatus:11.3.1 Microscope designed for a magnification of 253.With an eyepiece having a calibrated linea
39、r grid.11.4 Calibration of ApparatusAdjust the microscope, tosecure the design magnification of 253, and measure the totaleyepiece scale using a stage micrometer, graduated in mi-crometers or mils. Calculate the conversion factor, F,toconvert the eyepiece units to mils, using Eq 1:F 5 M/N (1)where:M
40、 = stage micrometer readings, in micrometers (mils), andN = corresponding number of units in the eyepiece grid.11.5 Procedure:11.5.1 Adjust the microscope to the design magnification of253.11.5.2 Place a specimen of the monofilament on the micro-scope stage, and set the scale of the eyepiece perpend
41、icular tothe long axis of the monofilament specimen.11.5.3 Measure the width of the specimen monofilament, tothe nearest eyepiece division. Repeat the width measurementthree times, on different segments of the same specimen.Record the three width measurements.11.5.4 Test four monofilament specimens.
42、11.6 Calculation:11.6.1 Calculate the average width of the four specimens, inmicrometers or mils, to three significant digits, using Eq 2:X5 (X!F / 12 (2)where:X= average width of the four monofilaments,(X = sum of the twelve observed individual measure-ments, in eyepiece units, andF = conversion fa
43、ctor, as derived in 11.4.11.7 Report:11.7.1 State that the specimens were tested as directed inSection 11 of Specification D 3218. Describe the material orproduct sampled and the method of sampling used.11.7.2 Report the average width of the four specimens, inmicrometers or mils.11.8 Precision and B
44、ias:11.8.1 PrecisionThe precision of this test method has notbeen established.11.8.2 BiasThe procedure in Specification D 3218 fortesting width has no known bias and is generally used as areference method.12. Thickness12.1 ScopeThis test method covers the determination ofthe thickness of flat polyol
45、efin monofilaments, by a microme-ter.12.2 Procedure:12.2.1 Determine the thickness of the monofilaments, asdirected in Method C of Test Methods D 374. If it is necessaryto test very narrow monofilaments, or round filaments, lay outseveral parallel specimens on the anvil.12.2.2 Measure the thickness
46、of the specimen to the nearest2.5 m (0.1 mil). Repeat the thickness measurement threetimes on different segments of the same specimen. Record thethree thickness measurements.12.2.3 Make four tests for a total of 16 observations.12.3 Calculation:12.3.1 Calculate the average thickness of the four spec
47、i-mens, in m (mils), to two significant figures.12.4 Report:12.4.1 State that the specimens were tested as directed inSection 12 of Specification D 3218. Describe the material orproduct sampled and the method of sampling used.12.4.2 Report the average thickness of the four specimens.12.5 Precision a
48、nd BiasThe precision and bias of theprocedures in Specification D 3218 for testing thickness are asspecified in Test Methods D 374.D321807313. Gloss13.1 Summary of Test Method:13.1.1 Gloss is measured on both sides of a specimenformed by winding three layers of the polyolefin monofila-ments, in a st
49、andard pattern, on a yarn board. This procedure isespecially designed for pigmented polyolefin monofilaments.13.1.2 Basically, the method is derived from Federal TestMethod Standard No. 141a, Method 6101.13.2 Significance and Use:13.2.1 The degree of gloss is important in many applica-tions of polyolefin monofilament. This test method is used toprovide a measure of this characteristic, from gloss readings onpanels of polyolefin monofilaments wound on a yarn board.13.2.2 Gloss readings are affected by many factors, such as:the degree of pigmentation of the spec
