1、Designation: D 4280 08Standard Specification forExtended Life Type, Nonplowable, Raised RetroreflectivePavement Markers1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 4280; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the
2、 year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This specification covers nonplowable, retroreflectiveraised pavement markers for nighttime lane marking andd
3、elineation.1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as thestandard. The values given in parentheses are for informationonly.1.3 The following precautionary caveat pertains only to thetest methods portion, Section 9, of this specification: Thisstandard does not purport to address all of t
4、he safety concerns,if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the userof this standard to establish appropriate safety and healthpractices and determine the applicability of regulatory limita-tions prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D5 Test Method for Penetrati
5、on of Bituminous MaterialsD36 Test Method for Softening Point of Bitumen (Ring-and-Ball Apparatus)D71 Test Method for Relative Density of Solid Pitch andAsphalt (Displacement Method)D92 Test Method for Flash and Fire Points by ClevelandOpen Cup TesterD113 Test Method for Ductility of Bituminous Mate
6、rialsD 1785 Specification for Poly(Vinyl Chloride) (PVC) Plas-tic Pipe, Schedules 40, 80, and 120D 3111 Test Method for Flexibility Determination of Hot-Melt Adhesives by Mandrel Bend Test MethodD 4402 Test Method for Viscosity Determination ofAsphaltat Elevated Temperatures Using a Rotational Visco
7、meterD 5329 Test Methods for Sealants and Fillers, Hot-Applied,for Joints and Cracks in Asphaltic and Portland CementConcrete PavementsE 177 Practice for Use of the Terms Precision and Bias inASTM Test MethodsE 284 Terminology of AppearanceE 691 Practice for Conducting an Interlaboratory Study toDet
8、ermine the Precision of a Test MethodE 808 Practice for Describing RetroreflectionE 809 Practice for Measuring Photometric Characteristicsof RetroreflectorsE811 Practice for Measuring Colorimetric Characteristicsof Retroreflectors Under Nighttime Conditions2.2 Federal Specifications:3TT-T-291 Thinne
9、r, Paint, Mineral Spirits, Regular andOdorless2.3 AASHTO Standards:4AASHTO M237 Epoxy ResinAdhesive for Bonding TrafficMarkers to Hardened Concrete3. Terminology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 cleanabilitythe ability of a raised retroreflectivemarker to keep its optical surfaces clean under traffic andenviron
10、mental conditions.3.1.2 coeffcient of luminous intensity, RIthe ratio of theluminous intensity (I) of the retroreflector in the direction ofobservation to the illuminance (E) at the retroreflector on aplane perpendicular to the direction of the incident light,expressed in candelas per lux (cd/lx) (s
11、ee Practice E 808 andTerminology E 284).3.1.2.1 DiscussionWhen values are low, the coefficient of(retroreflected) luminous intensity may be given in millican-delas per lux. In inch-pound units, RIis given in candelas perfootcandle (cd/fc). Historically, the term “specific intensity”and symbol (“SI”)
12、 have been used to designate this term but“RI” is preferred.1This specification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D04 on Roadand Paving Materials and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D04.38 onHighway Traffic Control Materials.Current edition approved July 1, 2008. Published Jul
13、y 2008. Originally approvedin 1983. Last previous edition approved in 2004 as D 4280 04.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summa
14、ry page onthe ASTM website.3Available from U.S. Government Printing Office Superintendent of Documents,732 N. Capitol St., NW, Mail Stop: SDE, Washington, DC 20401, http:/www.access.gpo.gov.4Available from American Association of State Highway and TransportationOfficials (AASHTO), 444 N. Capitol St.
15、, NW, Suite 249, Washington, DC 20001,http:/www.transportation.org.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.3.1.3 colorchromaticity, according to the CIE (Commis-sion Internationale de lEclairage) 1931 colorimetric system.3.1.
16、4 horizontal entrance anglethe angle in the horizontalplane between the direction of incident light and the normal tothe leading edge of the marker.3.1.4.1 DiscussionThis angle corresponds to the entranceangle b2 when the marker is positioned for photometry. Thedirection given in Practice E 808 shou
17、ld be used when desig-nating this angle.3.1.5 observation anglethe angle between the illumina-tion axis and the observation axis. (See also Practice E 808.)3.1.6 retroreflectionreflection in which radiation is re-turned in directions close to the direction from which it came,this property being main
18、tained over wide variations of thedirection of incident radiation.3.1.7 retroreflective elementa minimal optical unit thatproduces retroreflection, for example, a cube corner or abiconvex structure.4. Classification4.1 Markers should be classified as to type, color, andabrasion resistance.4.1.1 Type
19、s of Markers:4.1.1.1 Type ATwo-way reflective markers, one color.4.1.1.2 Type BOne-way reflective markers, one color.4.1.1.3 Type ETwo-way reflective markers, two colors.4.1.2 Retroreflected Color of Markers:4.1.2.1 WWhite.4.1.2.2 YYellow.4.1.2.3 RRed.4.1.2.4 BBlue.4.1.2.5 GGreen.4.1.3 Abrasion Resi
20、stance:4.1.3.1 Designated HMarker with hard, abrasion-resistantlens surface.4.1.4 Flexural Strength:4.1.4.1 Designated FMarker with sufficient longitudinalstrength for application to flexible, asphaltic concrete pave-ment.4.2 Show classification in the order detailed in 4.1.1-4.1.3.1:type, color, ab
21、rasion resistance, and flexural strength. Forexample, ERWF is a two-way red-and-white marker withoutabrasion resistant surface and with sufficient flexural strengthfor application to flexible pavement.5. Ordering Information5.1 Orders for material under this specification shouldinclude the following
22、 information:5.1.1 Quantity,5.1.2 Type of marker: retroreflective one way, or retrore-flective two way,5.1.3 Color of marker,5.1.4 Abrasion resistance, if needed, and5.1.5 Flexural strength, if needed.NOTE 1Flexural strength is not critical when application is to portlandcement concrete pavement, bu
23、t is critical when application is to some softasphaltic concrete pavements.6. Requirements for Retroreflective Markers6.1 Construction:6.1.1 The marker shall be comprised of materials withadequate chemical, water, and UV resistance for the intendeduse.6.1.2 Marker height shall not exceed 20.3 mm (0.
24、80 in.).6.1.3 Marker width shall not exceed 130 mm (5.1 in.).6.1.4 The angle between the face of the marker and the baseshall be no greater than 45, except as provided in 6.1.4.1.6.1.4.1 If the angle between the face of the marker and thebase is greater than 45, or if the marker front has protuber-a
25、nces of more than 1 mm (0.04 in.), then as part of typeacceptance, the marker shall be subjected to a six-month roadtest during the time of the year when weather and trafficconditions are most critical to cleanability. Cleanability isdetermined by measuring coefficient of luminous intensitybefore an
26、d after washing the marker lens.6.1.5 The base of the marker shall be substantially free fromgloss or substances that may reduce its bond to adhesive.6.1.6 The base of the marker shall be flat within 1.3 mm(0.05 in.). If the bottom of the marker is configurated, theprotruding faces of the configurat
27、ions shall not deviate morethan 1.3 mm (0.05 in.) from a plane.6.1.7 Construction not meeting the requirements of 6.1.2,6.1.3, 6.1.4, 6.1.6,or6.1.7, but meeting the performancerequirements of 6.2, will be acceptable following a twelve-month road test to determine cleanability, durability, andadhesio
28、n to the road.6.2 Performance Requirements:6.2.1 Retroreflectivity:TABLE 1 Coefficient of Luminous Intensity RINOTE 1The retroreflector axis and datum axis of the marker are as shown in Fig. 2 and Fig. 3.NOTE 2Entrance angle component b1 and rotation angle are 0.NOTE 3The SI values in the table are
29、to be regarded as the standard. The inch-pound values are provided for information.Entrance Angle Component b2 Observation Angle aMinimum Value RI, mcd/lxWhite Yellow Red Green Blue0 0.2 279 167 70 93 26+ 20/20 0.2 112 67 28 37 10Entrance Angle Component b2 Observation Angle aMinimum Value RI, cd/fc
30、White Yellow Red Green Blue0 0.2 3.0 1.8 0.75 1.0 0.28+ 20/20 0.2 1.2 0.72 0.30 0.4 0.11D42800826.2.1.1 For new markers, coefficient of luminous intensity(RI) measured in accordance with 9.1 shall be not less than thevalues in Table 1.6.2.1.2 For abrasion resistant markers, after abrading themarker
31、in accordance with 9.5, coefficient of luminous inten-sity at 0 entrance angle measured in accordance with 9.1 shallbe not less than the values in Table 1 multiplied by 0.5.NOTE 2No abrasion resistance test has been established for markershaving biconvex optical elements.NOTE 3Some two-color markers
32、 may intentionally have only one ofthe retroreflective faces abrasion resistant, in which case, the second faceshould not be abraded.NOTE 4No laboratory abrasion test can be expected to model the fullrange of surface wear of pavement markers in use.6.2.2 Because no practical laboratory procedures ha
33、ve beendetermined to provide complete, reliable, and predictive infor-mation on adhesive bond strength, the user is encouraged toseek information from alternative sources such as field tests. Afield test of duration 12 months is recommended. A controlmarker is chosen with known satisfactory adhesion
34、. The testmarkers may be required to experience no more than 1.5 timesas great an adhesion failure rate as the controls. The testseverity should be such that between 3 % and 20 % of thecontrols fail during the field test. There must be adequatenumbers of test markers and controls for statistical val
35、idity.6.2.3 Physical Properties:6.2.3.1 Flexural Strength (designation F markers only)When tested in accordance with 9.2.1, a marker shall withstand8914 N (909 kgf, 2000 lbf) without breakage.NOTE 5Method 9.2.1 tests longitudinal flexural strength, distinctfrom the flexural strength tested in previo
36、us editions of this specification.6.2.3.2 Compressive StrengthWhen tested in accordancewith 9.2.2, a marker shall support a load of 2727 kg (6000 lb)without breakage or significant deformation of the marker.Significant deformation shall be understood to be 3.3 mm (0.13in.).6.2.4 ColorWhen the retror
37、eflector is illuminated by CIEStandard SourceAand when measured in accordance with 9.3,the color of the retroreflected light shall fall within the colorgamuts given by the following corner points and shown in Fig.1.6.2.4.1 White:Point No. xy1 0.310 0.3482 0.453 0.4403 0.500 0.4404 0.500 0.3805 0.440
38、 0.3806 0.310 0.2836.2.4.2 Yellow:Point No. xy1 0.545 0.4242 0.559 0.4393 0.609 0.3904 0.597 0.3906.2.4.3 Red:Point No. xy1 0.650 0.3302 0.668 0.3303 0.734 0.2654 0.721 0.2596.2.4.4 Blue:Point No. xy1 0.039 0.3202 0.160 0.3203 0.160 0.2404 0.183 0.2185 0.088 0.1426.2.4.5 Green:Point No. xy1 0.009 0.
39、7332 0.288 0.5203 0.209 0.3954 0.012 0.4946.2.5 Resistance to Lens Cracking:6.2.5.1 Lens Impact StrengthWhen impacted in accor-dance with 9.4.1, the face of the lens shall show no more thantwo radial cracks longer than 6.4 mm (0.25 in.). There shall beno radial cracks extending to the edge of the ab
40、rasion resistantarea. There shall be no delamination.6.2.5.2 Temperature CyclingWhen subjected to tempera-ture cycling in accordance with 9.4.2, there shall be nocracking or delamination.7. Sampling7.1 For markers not resistant to abrasion, sample size shallbe 20 markers for each lot of 10 000 marke
41、rs or less and 40markers for each lot of more than 10 000 markers. For markerswith an abrasion-resistant surface, ten additional samples shallbe required. Lot size shall not exceed 25 000 markers.FIG. 1 Color Gamut in accordance with 6.2.4D42800838. Number of Tests and Retests8.1 For coefficient of
42、luminous intensity (9.1.1), the entiresample of retroreflective pavement markers shall be tested.Failure of more than 10 % of the reflective faces shall be causefor rejection of the entire lot represented by the sample. Forabrasion resistant markers, in addition to the test of 9.1.1, fourreflective
43、faces passing the photometric requirements of 9.1.1shall be subjected to abrasion (9.1.2) and remeasured; failure ofmore than one sample shall be cause for rejection of the entirelot.8.2 For longitudinal flexural strength (9.2.1), compressivestrength (9.2.2), and color (9.3), three specimens shall b
44、etested. Specimens previously subjected to photometry (9.1.1),color (9.3), and the abrasion specified for 9.1.2 are acceptablefor tests of longitudinal flexural strength (9.2.1) and compres-sive strength (9.2.2). Failure of more than one specimen shallbe cause for rejection of the entire lot.8.3 For
45、 lens impact strength (9.4.1) and resistance to tem-perature cycling (9.4.2), ten specimens shall be tested for eachrequirement. Failure of more than one of the specimens ineither test shall be cause for rejection of the entire lot.8.4 In the event of failure that would result in rejection of alot,
46、and at the discretion of the purchaser, a resample may betaken consisting of double the number of samples originallytested. Tolerances for resamples shall be in the same ratio asspecified above.9. Test Methods9.1 Coeffcient of Luminous Intensity:9.1.1 ProcedureMeasure coefficient of luminous intensi
47、tyin accordance with Practice E 809. Angular aperture of thesource and angular aperture of the receiver shall each be nolarger than 0.1. Angular aperture of the retroreflective ele-ments shall be no larger than 0.02. If the retroreflectiveelements are no larger than 5.3 mm (0.21 in.) in diameter,sug
48、gested test dimensions are 15.2-m (50-ft) distance,25.4-mm (1.0-in.) diameter receptor, and 25.4-mm (1.0-in.)diameter source. Other test distances are acceptable providedthat the stated angular aperture requirements are met and thatthe marker subtends no more than 1 at the source. Measure thedistanc
49、e from the light source exit pupil to the center of theretroreflective face of the marker. The base of the marker shalllie on a plane parallel to the illumination axis and perpendicu-lar to the observation half-plane. Refer to Fig. 2, Fig. 3, andPractice E 809. Any vertical surfaces on the marker, forexample, on its leading edge, that could specularly reflect thesource into the receiver shall be covered. The tolerance onentrance angle shall be 60.5. Maintain laboratory and condi-tion markers to 23 6 2C, 50 6 25 % RH.9.1.1.
