1、Designation: D4280 18Standard Specification forExtended Life Type, Nonplowable, Raised RetroreflectivePavement Markers1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D4280; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the y
2、ear of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This specification covers nonplowable, retroreflectiveraised pavement markers for nighttime lane marking anddel
3、ineation.1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regardedas the standard, except where noted in the document. Thevalues given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SIunits that are provided for information only and are notconsidered standard.1.3 The following precautionary cavea
4、t pertains only to thetest methods portion, Section 9, of this specification: Thisstandard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns,if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the userof this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, andenvironmental practices
5、and determine the applicability ofregulatory limitations prior to use.1.4 This international standard was developed in accor-dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-ization established in the Decision on Principles for theDevelopment of International Standards, Guides and Recom-
6、mendations issued by the World Trade Organization TechnicalBarriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2C778 Specification for Standard SandD5/D5M Test Method for Penetration of Bituminous Mate-rialsD36/D36M Test Method for Softening Point of Bitumen(Ring-and-Ball App
7、aratus)D71 Test Method for Relative Density of Solid Pitch andAsphalt (Displacement Method)D92 Test Method for Flash and Fire Points by ClevelandOpen Cup TesterD113 Test Method for Ductility of Asphalt MaterialsD1785 Specification for Poly(Vinyl Chloride) (PVC) PlasticPipe, Schedules 40, 80, and 120
8、D3111 Test Method for Flexibility Determination of Hot-Melt Adhesives by Mandrel Bend Test MethodD4402/D4402M Test Method for Viscosity Determination ofAsphalt at Elevated Temperatures Using a RotationalViscometerD5329 Test Methods for Sealants and Fillers, Hot-Applied,for Joints and Cracks in Aspha
9、lt Pavements and PortlandCement Concrete PavementsE177 Practice for Use of the Terms Precision and Bias inASTM Test MethodsE284 Terminology of AppearanceE691 Practice for Conducting an Interlaboratory Study toDetermine the Precision of a Test MethodE808 Practice for Describing RetroreflectionE809 Pr
10、actice for Measuring Photometric Characteristics ofRetroreflectorsE811 Practice for Measuring Colorimetric Characteristics ofRetroreflectors Under Nighttime Conditions2.2 Federal Specification:3TT-T-291 Thinner, Paint, Mineral Spirits, Regular and Odor-less2.3 AASHTO Standard:4AASHTO M 237 Epoxy Res
11、inAdhesive for Bonding TrafficMarkers to Hardened Concrete3. Terminology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 cleanabilitythe ability of a raised retroreflectivemarker to keep its optical surfaces clean under traffic andenvironmental conditions.1This specification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D04 on
12、Roadand Paving Materials and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D04.38 onHighway Traffic Control Materials.Current edition approved July 1, 2018. Published July 2018. Originally approvedin 1983. Last previous edition approved in 2015 as D4280 15. DOI: 10.1520/D4280-18.2For referenced ASTM
13、standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3Available from U.S. Government Printing Office Superintendent of Documents,732 N.
14、 Capitol St., NW, Mail Stop: SDE, Washington, DC 20401, http:/www.access.gpo.gov.4Available from American Association of State Highway and TransportationOfficials (AASHTO), 444 N. Capitol St., NW, Suite 249, Washington, DC 20001,http:/www.transportation.org.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Har
15、bor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United StatesThis international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for theDevelopment of International Standards, Guides and Recommendat
16、ions issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.13.1.2 coeffcient of luminous intensity, RIthe ratio of theluminous intensity (I) of the retroreflector in the direction ofobservation to the illuminance (E) at the retroreflector on aplane perpendicular to the d
17、irection of the incident light,expressed in candelas per lux (cd/lx) (see Practice E808 andTerminology E284).3.1.2.1 DiscussionThe values presented for the coefficientof luminous intensity are presented in SI units, which are theaccepted worldwide norm for expressing this value, rather thanin inch-p
18、ounds. When values are low, the coefficient of(retroreflected) luminous intensity may be given in millican-delas per lux. In inch-pound units, RIis given in candelas perfootcandle (cd/fc). Historically, the term “specific intensity”and symbol (“SI”) have been used to designate this term, but“RI” is
19、preferred.3.1.3 colorchromaticity, according to the CIE (Commis-sion Internationale de lEclairage) 1931 colorimetric system.3.1.4 horizontal entrance anglethe angle in the horizontalplane between the direction of incident light and the normal tothe leading edge of the marker.3.1.4.1 DiscussionThis a
20、ngle corresponds to the entranceangle 2 when the marker is positioned for photometry. Thedirection given in Practice E808 should be used when desig-nating this angle.3.1.5 observation anglethe angle between the illumina-tion axis and the observation axis. (See also Practice E808.)3.1.6 retroreflecti
21、onreflection in which radiation is re-turned in directions close to the direction from which it came,this property being maintained over wide variations of thedirection of incident radiation.3.1.7 retroreflective elementa minimal optical unit thatproduces retroreflection, for example, a cube corner
22、or abiconvex structure.4. Classification4.1 Markers should be classified as to type, color, andabrasion resistance.4.1.1 Types of Markers:4.1.1.1 Type ATwo-way reflective markers, one color.4.1.1.2 Type BOne-way reflective markers, one color.4.1.1.3 Type ETwo-way reflective markers, two colors.4.1.2
23、 Retroreflected Color of Markers:4.1.2.1 WWhite.4.1.2.2 YYellow.4.1.2.3 RRed.4.1.2.4 BBlue.4.1.2.5 GGreen.4.1.3 Abrasion Resistance:4.1.3.1 Designated HMarker with hard, abrasion-resistantlens surface.4.1.4 Flexural Strength:4.1.4.1 Designated FMarker with sufficient longitudinalstrength for applica
24、tion to flexible, asphaltic concrete pave-ment.4.2 Show classification in the order detailed in 4.1.1 4.1.3.1: type, color, abrasion resistance, and flexural strength.For example, ERWF is a two-way, red and white markerwithout abrasion-resistant surface and with sufficient flexuralstrength for appli
25、cation to flexible pavement.5. Ordering Information5.1 Orders for material under this specification shouldinclude the following information:5.1.1 Quantity,5.1.2 Type of marker: retroreflective one way, or retrore-flective two way,5.1.3 Color of marker,5.1.4 Abrasion resistance, if needed, and5.1.5 F
26、lexural strength, if needed.NOTE 1Flexural strength is not critical when application is to portlandcement concrete pavement, but is critical when application is to some softasphaltic concrete pavements.6. Requirements for Retroreflective Markers6.1 Construction:6.1.1 The marker shall be comprised of
27、 materials withadequate chemical, water, and UV resistance for the intendeduse.6.1.2 Marker height shall not exceed 0.80 in. (20.3 mm).6.1.3 Marker width shall not exceed 5.1 in. (130 mm).6.1.4 The angle between the face of the marker and the baseshall be no greater than 45, except as provided in 6.
28、1.4.1.6.1.4.1 If the angle between the face of the marker and thebase is greater than 45, or if the marker front has protuber-ances of more than 0.04 in. (1 mm), then as part of typeacceptance, the marker shall be subjected to a six-month roadtest during the time of the year when weather and traffic
29、conditions are most critical to cleanability. Cleanability isdetermined by measuring coefficient of luminous intensitybefore and after washing the marker lens.6.1.5 The base of the marker shall be substantially free fromgloss or substances that may reduce its bond to adhesive.6.1.6 The base of the m
30、arker shall be flat within 0.05 in.(1.3 mm). If the bottom of the marker is configurated, theprotruding faces of the configurations shall not deviate morethan 0.05 in. (1.3 mm) from a plane.6.1.7 Construction not meeting the requirements of 6.1.2,6.1.3, 6.1.4, 6.1.6,or6.1.7, but meeting the performa
31、ncerequirements of 6.2, will be acceptable following a twelve-month road test to determine cleanability, durability, andadhesion to the road.6.2 Performance Requirements:6.2.1 Retroreflectivity:6.2.1.1 For new markers, coefficient of luminous intensity(RI) measured in accordance with 9.1 shall be no
32、t less than thevalues in Table 1.6.2.1.2 For abrasion-resistant markers, after abrading themarker in accordance with 9.5, coefficient of luminous inten-sity at 0 entrance angle measured in accordance with 9.1 shallbe not less than the values in Table 1 multiplied by 0.5.NOTE 2No abrasion resistance
33、test has been established for markershaving biconvex optical elements.NOTE 3Some two-color markers may intentionally have only one ofthe retroreflective faces abrasion resistant, in which case, the second faceshould not be abraded.D4280 182NOTE 4No laboratory abrasion test can be expected to model t
34、he fullrange of surface wear of pavement markers in use.6.2.2 Because no practical laboratory procedures have beendetermined to provide complete, reliable, and predictive infor-mation on adhesive bond strength, the user is encouraged toseek information from alternative sources such as field tests. A
35、field test duration of twelve months is recommended.Acontrolmarker is chosen with known satisfactory adhesion. The testmarkers may be required to experience no more than 1.5 timesas great an adhesion failure rate as the controls. The testseverity should be such that between 3 % and 20 % of thecontro
36、ls fail during the field test. There must be adequatenumbers of test markers and controls for statistical validity.6.2.3 Physical Properties:6.2.3.1 Flexural Strength (designation F markers only)When tested in accordance with 9.2.1, a marker shall withstand2000 lbf (8914 N) without breakage.NOTE 5Me
37、thod 9.2.1 tests longitudinal flexural strength, distinct fromthe flexural strength tested in previous editions of this specification.6.2.3.2 Compressive StrengthWhen tested in accordancewith 9.2.2, a marker shall support a load of 6000 lb (2727 kg)without breakage or significant deformation of the
38、marker.Significant deformation shall be understood to be 0.13 in.(3.3 mm).6.2.4 ColorWhen the retroreflector is illuminated by CIEStandard SourceAand when measured in accordance with 9.3,the color of the retroreflected light shall fall within the colorgamuts given by the following corner points and
39、shown in Fig.1.6.2.4.1 White:Point No. xy1 0.310 0.3482 0.453 0.4403 0.500 0.4404 0.500 0.3805 0.440 0.3806 0.310 0.2836.2.4.2 Yellow:Point No. xy1 0.545 0.4242 0.559 0.4393 0.609 0.3904 0.597 0.3906.2.4.3 Red:Point No. xy1 0.650 0.3302 0.668 0.3303 0.734 0.2654 0.721 0.2596.2.4.4 Blue:Point No. xy1
40、 0.039 0.3202 0.160 0.3203 0.160 0.2404 0.183 0.2185 0.088 0.1426.2.4.5 Green:Point No. xy1 0.009 0.7332 0.288 0.5203 0.209 0.3954 0.012 0.4946.2.5 Resistance to Lens Cracking:6.2.5.1 Lens Impact StrengthWhen impacted in accor-dance with 9.4.1, the face of the lens shall show no more thantwo radial
41、cracks longer than 0.25 in. (6.4 mm). There shall beTABLE 1 Coefficient of Luminous Intensity RINOTE 1The retroreflector axis and datum axis of the marker are as shown in Fig. 2 and Fig. 3.NOTE 2Entrance angle component 1 and rotation angle are 0.NOTE 3The values presented for the coefficient of lum
42、inous intensity in the table are given in SI units, which are the accepted worldwide norm forexpressing this value, rather than in inch-pounds. The values in cd/fc are provided for information.Entrance Angle Component 2 Observation Angle Minimum Value RI, mcd/lxWhite Yellow Red Green Blue0 0.2 279 1
43、67 70 93 26+20/20 0.2 112 67 28 37 10Entrance Angle Component 2 Observation Angle Minimum Value RI, cd/fcWhite Yellow Red Green Blue0 0.2 3.0 1.8 0.75 1.0 0.28+20/20 0.2 1.2 0.72 0.30 0.4 0.11FIG. 1 Color Gamut in Accordance with 6.2.4D4280 183no radial cracks extending to the edge of the abrasion-r
44、esistantarea. There shall be no delamination.6.2.5.2 Temperature CyclingWhen subjected to tempera-ture cycling in accordance with 9.4.2, there shall be nocracking or delamination.7. Sampling7.1 For markers not resistant to abrasion, sample size shallbe 20 markers for each lot of 10 000 markers or le
45、ss, and 40markers for each lot of more than 10 000 markers. For markerswith an abrasion-resistant surface, ten additional samples shallbe required. Lot size shall not exceed 25 000 markers.8. Number of Tests and Retests8.1 For coefficient of luminous intensity (9.1.1), the entiresample of retrorefle
46、ctive pavement markers shall be tested.Failure of more than 10 % of the reflective faces shall be causefor rejection of the entire lot represented by the sample. Forabrasion-resistant markers, in addition to the test of 9.1.1, fourreflective faces passing the photometric requirements of 9.1.1shall b
47、e subjected to abrasion (9.1.2) and remeasured; failure ofmore than one sample shall be cause for rejection of the entirelot.8.2 For longitudinal flexural strength (9.2.1), compressivestrength (9.2.2), and color (9.3), three specimens shall betested. Specimens previously subjected to photometry (9.1
48、.1),color (9.3), and the abrasion specified for 9.1.2 are acceptablefor tests of longitudinal flexural strength (9.2.1) and compres-sive strength (9.2.2). Failure of more than one specimen shallbe cause for rejection of the entire lot.8.3 For lens impact strength (9.4.1) and resistance to tem-peratu
49、re cycling (9.4.2), ten specimens shall be tested for eachrequirement. Failure of more than one of the specimens ineither test shall be cause for rejection of the entire lot.8.4 In the event of failure that would result in rejection of alot, and at the discretion of the purchaser, a resample may betaken consisting of double the number of samples originallytested. Tolerances for resamples shall be in the same ratio asspecified above.9. Test Methods9.1 Coeffcient of Luminous Intensity:9.1.1 ProcedureMeasure coefficient o
