1、Designation: D4290 07 (Reapproved 2012)Standard Test Method forDetermining the Leakage Tendencies of Automotive WheelBearing Grease Under Accelerated Conditions1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D4290; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal a
2、doption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This test method covers a laboratory procedure forevaluating leakage
3、tendencies of wheel bearing greases whentested under prescribed conditions.1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded asstandard. No other units of measurement are included in thisstandard. The exception is apparatus dimensions, in inches,which are to be regarded as the standard.1.3 This s
4、tandard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specificwarning stat
5、ements, see Section 8.2. Referenced Documents2.1 AFBMA Standard:2AFBMA Standard 19 1974 (ANSI B.3.19-1975)3. Terminology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 lubricant, nany material interposed between twosurfaces that reduces the friction or wear between them.3.1.2 lubricating grease, na semifluid to solid product
6、 ofa dispersion of a thickener in a liquid lubricant.3.1.2.1 DiscussionThe dispersion of the thickener forms atwo-phase system and immobilizes the liquid lubricant bysurface tension and other physical forces. Other ingredients arecommonly included to impart special properties.3.1.3 thickener, nin lu
7、bricating grease, a substance com-posed of finely-divided particles dispersed in a liquid lubricantto form the products structure.3.1.3.1 DiscussionThe solid thickener can be fibers (suchas various metallic soaps) or plates or spheres (such as certainnon-soap thickeners) which are insoluble or, at t
8、he most, onlyvery slightly soluble in the liquid lubricant. The generalrequirements are that the solid particles be extremely small,uniformly dispersed, and capable of forming a relatively stable,gel-like structure with the liquid lubricant.3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.2.1 au
9、tomotive wheel bearing grease, na lubricatinggrease specifically formulated to lubricate automotive wheelbearings at relatively high grease temperatures and bearingspeeds.3.2.2 leakage, nof wheel bearing grease, separation andoverflow of grease or oil from the bulk grease charge, inducedby high temp
10、eratures and bearing rotation.4. Summary of Test Method4.1 The test grease is distributed in a modified, automobilefront wheel hub-spindle-bearings assembly. While the bearingsare thrust-loaded to 111 N, the hub is rotated at 1000 rpm andthe spindle temperature maintained at 160C for 20 h. Leakageof
11、 grease or oil, or both, is measured, and the condition of thebearing surface is noted at the end of the test.5. Significance and Use5.1 This test method differentiates among wheel bearinggreases having distinctly different high-temperature leakagecharacteristics. It is not the equivalent of longtim
12、e service tests.5.2 This test method has proven to be helpful in screeninggreases with respect to leakage tendencies for automotivewheel bearing applications.1This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D02 onPetroleum Products and Lubricants and is the direct responsibility of Subc
13、ommitteeD02.G0.05 on Functional Tests - Temperature.Current edition approved April 15, 2012. Published May 2012. Originallyapproved in 1983. Last previous edition approved in 2007 as D429007. DOI:10.1520/D4290-07R12.2Available from American National Standards Institute (ANSI), 25 W. 43rd St.,4th Flo
14、or, New York, NY 10036.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.NOTE 1It is possible for skilled operators to observe changes ingrease characteristics that can occur during the test, such as greasecondition. Leakage is reporte
15、d as a quantitative value, whereas theevaluation of grease condition is subject to differences in personaljudgment among operators and cannot be used effectively for quantitativemeasurements.6. Apparatus6.1 Test Assembly (Figs. 1 and 2).6.1.1 Custom-made Wheel Hub-Spindle-Bearing Assembly(Fig. 3).6.
16、1.2 Oven, electrically heated by 1800 watt heater, thermo-statically controlled to maintain spindle temperature at 160 61.5C.6.1.3 Spindle Drive Motor,14 hp, 120 volts dc with 1725rpm speed control for the hub; motor torque is indicated by ameter equipped with an adjustable, automatic cutoff.6.1.4 F
17、an Drive Motor,130 hp, 120 v dc, 1550 rpm.6.2 Motor speed, oven temperature, spindle temperature,time cycles and torque are controlled or monitored, or both, byaccessory equipment.6.3 A grease slinger has been added since the originaldesign of the apparatus. Fig. 4 shows the slinger used for thehub
18、of Koehler and Pam apparatus.NOTE 2The slinger was developed to prevent grease from creepingalong the hub and being slung off past the grease collector. Greases thatcrept during the test can lead to erroneously low results. Addition of theslinger will not affect the precision data in Section 13 beca
19、use none of theround-robin greases exhibited grease creepage.6.4 Balance, having a minimum capacity of 100 g andminimum sensitivity of 0.1 g.7. Test Bearings7.1 Use LM67048-LM67010 and LM11949-LM11910 (AF-BMA Standard 19) inboard and outboard bearings, respec-tively.8. Reagents and Materials8.1 Penm
20、ul L460 (previously called Penetone-ECS)3(WarningCombustible. Vapors can be harmful.)8.2 n-heptanereagent grade minimum purity.(WarningFlammable. Harmful if inhaled.)8.3 Isopropyl Alcoholreagent grade minimum purity.(WarningFlammable.)8.4 Mineral Spiritsreagent grade. (WarningCombustible. Vapors may
21、 be harmful.)8.5 SAE 10W Engine Oil.8.6 00 Grade Steel Wool.9. Preparation of Bearings9.1 Carefully remove new bearings (cups and cones) fromtheir packages and place in a suitable clean container. Washwith n-heptane to remove all rust preventative.9.2 Repeat washing with n-heptane two additional tim
22、es tobe certain all rust preventative has been removed. Use a cleanbeaker each time.9.3 Drain n-heptane from the bearings and set them on aclean, lint-free cloth or towel to air dry.NOTE 3Cleaning may be facilitated by the use of a sonic cleaner.10. Procedure10.1 Prior to each test, check the freedo
23、m of movement ofthe thrust loading shaft (Fig. 3) in the spindle. If binding isnoted, remove and clean both shaft and spindle bore.10.2 Install new cups in the cleaned hub in the locationshown by Figs. 1 and 2.10.3 Weigh an inboard and outboard bearing cone to thenearest 0.1 g. Using the grease pack
24、er shown in Figs. 5 and 63The sole source of supply of Penmul L460 (previously called Penetone-ECS)known to the committee at this time is Penetone Corp., 74 HudsonAve., Tenaply, NJ07670. If you are aware of alternative suppliers, please provide this information toASTM International Headquarters. You
25、r comments will receive careful consider-ation at a meeting of the responsible technical committee,1which you may attend.NOTECaution should be taken when modifying older units since some may still contain asbestos insulation leading to a possible inhalation hazard.FIG. 1 Wheel Bearing Lubricant Test
26、er (Elevation View)D4290 07 (2012)2and an extra set of cups, fill the cones with the test grease. Usecare to avoid moving the rollers or bearing components whileremoving the cones from the cups and in all subsequent wipingand handling steps. Strike off excess grease flush with the frontface of the c
27、one (near small end of rollers) using a smallspatula. Wipe all grease from cone bore, cone back face,exterior cage surfaces, and exposed roller surfaces with a clean,lint-free cloth or towel and reweigh. Adjust the grease weightin the inboard cone to 3.0 6 0.1 g and in the outboard cone to2.0 6 0.1
28、g by wiping or adding grease to the groove betweenthe cage and the cone back face. Apply a thin film of grease onthe cups.10.4 Distribute 55.0 6 0.2 g of grease in a uniform layer inthe hub.10.5 Weigh the leakage collector to the nearest 0.1 g.10.6 Install the leakage collector, inboard cone, hub, a
29、ndoutboard cone on the spindle (Fig. 2). Lock the components inplace with the end cap and screw. Install the spindle connector.10.7 Referring to Fig. 3, adjust the thrust load as follows:Tighten the compression nut (G) until the spring (F) is seatedagainst the back plate (E), but not compressed. Bri
30、ng the locknut (H) up to the compression nut (G). Without moving H,compress F by tightening G until the compression gage (J) willfit between H and G. Hold J in position and back off G until Jis held firmly between H and G.FIG. 2 Wheel Bearing Lubricant Tester (Top View)FIG. 3 Spindle and Thrust Rod
31、ComponentsD4290 07 (2012)3NOTE 4Compression gage J has been machined such that insertionand adjustment of G causes spring F to compress and apply a 111-N(25-lbf) axial load on the wheel bearings.10.8 Insert the thermocouple in the spindle thrust rod andposition the junction at the center of the outb
32、oard bearingposition. Close the cabinet and position the motor to operatinglocation.NOTE 5Do not engage the drive at this point. Start the motor andadjust the speed to 1000 6 50 rpm. At this point observe and record theunloaded motor current (N).10.9 Turn off the motor, engage the drive coupling, an
33、d lockin position. Set the timer to begin 20-h cycle. Restart the motorand again adjust the speed to 1000 6 50 rpm. Turn on theheaters and adjust the oven temperature to maintain the spindletemperature at 160 6 1.5C (320 6 2.7F). When the spindletemperature has stabilized at the test temperature, ma
34、ke nofurther adjustment of the oven temperature for the duration ofthe test.10.10 A steady-state running torque will develop in the first2 h of operation as indicated by a stabilized value on the meter.Record this value as steady-state current (T). Determine themotor cutoff value as follows:C 5 8T 2
35、 N! 1 N (1)where:C = motor cut-off value, amps,T = steady-state current, amps, andN = unloaded motor current, amps.Set the automatic torque cut-off of motor to value C.10.11 Permit the apparatus to operate under the prescribedconditions of load, speed, and temperature for 20 6 0.25 h. Ifthe preset t
36、orque cut-off is exceeded, the test will be terminatedautomatically.NOTE 6The motor is protected by a 30-s time delay.10.12 Open the cabinet and allow the tester to cool toapproximately 55C using ambient air and no additionalcooling aids (that is, fans) to facilitate disassembly.10.13 Weigh the leak
37、age collector to the nearest 0.1 g andreport the weight as grease leakage. The grease collector willcontain about 15 g before overflowing. This represents about25 % of the total grease charge. If the collector overflows,report grease leakage as +25 %.11. Parts Cleanup11.1 With a spatula, remove as m
38、uch grease as possiblefrom the hub, grease collector, end cap, and spindle connector.11.2 Place the parts in a suitable clean container (preferablystainless steel) and cover with Penmul L460 (see 8.1). Install aloosely fitting cover and heat gently (70 6 10C) until the partsare clean (several hours)
39、. Avoid prolonged (overnight) heatingas parts corrosion can occur.11.3 Remove the parts from the solvent and wash with hotrunning water. Rinse immediately with isopropyl alcohol (see8.3). Air dry. If the parts will not be used immediately, apply athin film of SAE 10W engine oil.11.4 Use a spatula to
40、 scrape grease off of the spindle.Remove remaining deposits from the spindle using 00 gradesteel wool and mineral spirits (see 8.4). If strongly adherentdeposits resist this treatment, remove the spindle and clean inhot Penmul L460.FIG. 4 Grease Slingers for Pam and Koehler HubsFIG. 5 Bearing Packer
41、D4290 07 (2012)412. Report12.1 Report the leakage to the nearest 0.1 g as determined in10.13.12.2 Report other observations such as grease movement inthe hub, condition of the bearings, and so forth.12.3 Report the presence on the bearing surface of anyadherent deposit of varnish, gum, or lacquer-li
42、ke material,which is evident after removal of the grease.NOTE 7With some wheel bearing greases, it will be found that greasethickeners are not completely washed from the bearings with ASTMn-heptane. A film of grease thickener may, therefore, remain on thebearings. This film can be readily distinguis
43、hed from varnish, gum, orlacquer-like deposits resulting from deterioration of the lubricant.13. Precision and Bias413.1 PrecisionThe precision of this test method wasdetermined by statistical examination of interlaboratory results.In 1988 a more precise bearing packing procedure wasincluded in 10.3
44、. The precision data shown was obtainedearlier using a less detailed packing procedure:13.1.1 Repeatability The difference between two testresults obtained by the same operator with the same apparatusunder constant operating conditions on identical test materialwould, in the long run, in the normal
45、and correct operation ofthe test method, exceed the following values in only one casein twenty.Repeatability 5 1.504! =X (2)where:X = the average of the two test results.13.1.2 Reproducibility The difference between two singleand independent results obtained by different operators work-ing in differ
46、ent laboratories on identical test material would, inthe long run, in the normal and correct operation of the testmethod, exceed the following values in only one case intwenty.Reproducibility 5 3.848! =X (3)where:X = the average of the two test results.4Supporting data (cooperative test programs to
47、develop this procedure) havebeen filed at ASTM International Headquarters and may be obtained by requestingResearch Report RR:D02-1176.FIG. 6 Bearing PackerD4290 07 (2012)513.2 BiasThe procedure in Test Method D4290 for mea-suring the leakage tendencies of automotive wheel bearinggreases under accel
48、erated conditions has no bias because thevalue of grease leakage can be defined only in terms of the testmethod.NOTE 8A round robin of eleven cooperators testing five greases hasresulted in the precision statement shown above. The data are shown inTable X1.1 of Appendix X1. In this round robin, dete
49、rminations weremade using testers by Pam and by Koehler. No distinction was made asboth testers gave equivalent results.14. Keywords14.1 leakage automotive wheel bearing; lubricating grease;wheel bearing greaseAPPENDIX(Nonmandatory Information)X1. ROUND ROBIN DATAX1.1 The precision statement of eleven cooperators ispresented in Table X1.1. Table X1.2 provides the metricequivalents for Fig. 1, Fig. 3, Fig. 5, and Fig. 6.ASTM International takes no position respecting the validity of any patent rights asserted in connection with any item ment
