1、Designation: D 4317 98 (Reapproved 2004)Standard Specification forPolyvinyl Acetate-Based Emulsion Adhesives1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 4317; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of la
2、st revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.INTRODUCTIONThis specification is a replacement fo
3、r Federal Specification MMM-A-180C, Class B, August 6,1979, Adhesive, Vinyl Acetate Resin Emulsion, which superseded MMM-A-193C, October 26, 1967.It has been expanded to include the more water-resistant polyvinyl acetate-based adhesives now on themarket, in addition to the less water-resistant ones
4、formerly covered by the Federal Specification.1. Scope1.1 This specification covers polyvinyl acetate or polyvinylacetate copolymer resin emulsion adhesives suitable for use onwood, wood-based substrates, or plastic laminates. It does notcover the group of polyvinyl-based adhesives which aresuitable
5、 for bonding flexible films.1.2 The adhesives are classified at three performance levelsin accordance with water-resistance as shown in Table 1 andTable 2. See Section 5 for a description of the expectedexposure conditions for each class of adhesive. See Table X1.1for a classification of typical end
6、 products that are manufac-tured using adhesives at the three performance levels coveredby this specification.1.3 The following index is provided as a guide to the testmethods portion of this specification:SectionTests for Physical Properties 9Viscosity 9.1.1Density 9.1.2Nonvolatiles 9.1.3pH 9.1.4Te
7、sts for Adhesive Bond 10Block Shear Strength, Compression 10.2Plywood Shear Tests 10.31.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as thestandard. The values given in parenthesis are for informationpurposes only.1.5 The following safety hazards caveat pertains only to thetest method portion,
8、 Sections 9 and 10, of this specification:This standard does not purport to address all of the safetyconcerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibilityof the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety andhealth practices and determine the applicability of regulatorylimita
9、tions prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D 905 Test Method for Strength Properties of AdhesiveBonds in Shear by Compression LoadingD 906 Test Method for Strength Properties of Adhesives inPlywood Type Construction in Shear by Tension LoadingD 907 Terminology of AdhesivesD 1084 T
10、est Methods for Viscosity of AdhesivesD 1490 Test Method for Nonvolatile Content of Urea-Formaldehyde Resin SolutionsD 1875 Test Method for Density of Adhesives in FluidFormD 2556 Test Method for Apparent Viscosity of AdhesivesHaving Shear-Rate-Dependent Flow PropertiesE 4 Practices for Force Verifi
11、cation of Testing MachinesE 70 Test Method for pH of Aqueous Solutions with theGlass Electrode2.2 Federal Standards:Fed. Std. No. 123 Marking for Shipment (Civil Agencies)3PPP-C-96 Cans, Metal, 28-Gauge and Lighter3PPP-D-723 Drums, Fiber3PPP-D-729 Drums, Shipping and Storage, Steel, 55 gal (208L)32.
12、3 Military Standard:1This specification is under the jurisdiction of Committee D14 on Adhesives andis the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D14.30 on Wood Adhesives.Current edition approved April 1, 2004. Published April 2004. Originallyapproved in 1984. Last previous edition approved in 1998 as
13、 D 4317 98.2For referenced standards, visit the website, wwworg, or contact CustomerService at service.org. For Annual Book of Standards volume information, referto the standards Document Summary page on the website.3Available from Standardization Documents Order Desk, DODSSP, Bldg. 4,Section D, 700
14、 Robbins Ave., Philadelphia, PA 19111-50981Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.MIL-STD-129 Marking for Shipment and Storage33. Terminology3.1 DefinitionsMany terms in this specification are de-fined in Terminology D 907.3.
15、1.1 emulsion, na two-phase liquid system in whichsmall droplets of one liquid (the internal phase) are immisciblein, and are dispersed uniformly throughout, a second continu-ous liquid phase (the external phase).3.1.1.1 DiscussionThe internal phase is sometimes de-scribed as the disperse phase.3.1.2
16、 latex, na stable dispersion of polymeric substance inan essentially aqueous medium.3.1.3 polyvinyl acetate emulsion adhesive, na latex adhe-sive in which the polymeric portion comprises polyvinylacetate, copolymers based mainly on polyvinyl acetate, or amixture of these, and which may contain modif
17、iers andsecondary binders to provide specific properties.3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.2.1 adhesive designationan adhesive that is manufac-tured by a unique combination of raw materials and process,that conforms to a given set of physical and performanceproperties, and is iden
18、tified by a specific name, number, oralphanumeric designation.3.2.2 lotadhesive manufactured at one place from thesame batch or blend of raw materials subjected to the sameoperation and conditions.3.2.3 assemblySee adhesive assembly in TerminologyD 907.NOTE 1In this specification, the maple block la
19、mination in TestMethod D 905 and the birch plywood construction in Test Method D 906are described as assemblies.4. Significance and Use4.1 This specification addresses the need for a set of testingprocedures that demonstrates the difference in physical prop-erties and in adhesive bonding properties
20、among the manyavailable polyvinyl acetate-based adhesives. Because of thediverse nature of the end products bonded with these adhe-sives, testing in compliance with this specification can onlyevaluate the adhesive tested under a given set of conditions.The physical properties of the adhesive are tes
21、ted and includedin the report in order to give information on certain handlingand working properties. The adhesive bonding properties aremeasured by tests performed on maple block specimens andbirch plywood specimens, prepared and tested in accordancewith Test Methods D 905 and D 906, respectively.
22、The testrequirements are based on knowledge within the industry ofvalues which may be expected. Test Methods D 905 and D 906have a long history of use as a basis for many specifications.4.2 This specification does not describe the end-use prod-ucts for which each class of adhesive is acceptable, but
23、 it doesdescribe the general exposure conditions for which each classwill perform in a satisfactory manner. See Appendix X1.5. Classification of Adhesive Performance5.1 For purposes of this specification, adhesives are classi-fied on the basis of water resistance at three performancelevels, wet-use,
24、 intermediate use, and dry-use:5.1.1 Type 1, Wet UseAn adhesive passing Type 1 testrequirements as given in Table 1 and Table 2, and havinghigh-water resistance, capable of producing sufficientadhesive-joint strength and durability to make the bondedproduct serviceable under conditions in which the
25、equilibriummoisture content (EMC) of the wood may be 16 % to amaximum of 21 % for short periods of time, and where thetemperature may reach levels as high as 71C (160F) (attimes) during service. This adhesive will withstand mostoutdoor conditions, such as repeated soakings. It is not,however, suitab
26、le for marine conditions where immersionwould be continual. As tested in this specification, a Type 1adhesive is water-resistant, but not necessarily waterproof.5.1.2 Type 2, Intermediate UseAn adhesive passing Type2 test requirements as given in Table 1, and having goodwater-resistance, capable of
27、producing sufficient adhesive-jointstrength and durability to make the bonded products service-able under interior or protected conditions in which there willTABLE 1 Test RequirementsTest Section NumberTest Requirement,min, psi (kPa)Required TestsType 1 Type 2 Type 3Block shear (compression) dry at
28、75F (24C) 10.2 2800 (19 306) X X XPlywood (tension):dry at 75F (24C) 10.3.3.1 400 (2 758) X X Xdry at 160F (71.1C) 10.3.3.2 or 10.3.3.3 250A(1 724) X X XTwo-cycle boil 10.3.3.4 see Table 2 X48-h soak 10.3.3.5 250 (1 724) X XHumidity exposure 10.3.3.6 250A(1 724) XFreeze-thaw stability 10.3.3.7Boptio
29、nalBoptionalBoptionalBStorage life 10.3.3.8CXCXCXCAOr 40 % of dry value at 75F (24C), whichever is larger.BTesting and certification for freeze-thaw stability is optional. To classify a test adhesive as freeze-thaw stable, test an initial lot of the adhesive brand in accordancewith 6.2 and 10.3.3.7.
30、CTesting of an initial lot of the adhesive brand in accordance with 6.3 and 10.3.3.8 is required.TABLE 2 Test Requirements (Continued)Average Failing Load, psi(kPa)AType I Test Requirement Two-Cycle Boil(10.3.3.4) (Minimum Wood Failure, %)Average of AllSpecimensIndividualSpecimenUnder 250 (1724) 50
31、25250 to 350 (1724 to 2413) 30 10Above 350 (2143) 15 10ASee Table 9 in Interim Voluntary Product Standard for Hardwood andDecorative Plywood, HP-1, 1993.D 4317 98 (2004)2be occasional intermittent exposure to wet conditions or highhumidity and where the temperature may reach levels as highas 71C (16
32、0F) (at times) during service.5.1.3 Type 3, Dry UseAn adhesive passing Type 3 testrequirements as given in Table 1, and capable of producingsufficient adhesive-joint strength and durability to make thebonded lumber product serviceable under normal interiorservice conditions where the relative humidi
33、ty is not high anddoes not fluctuate between wide limits, and where the tempera-ture may reach levels as high as 71.1C (160F).6. Test Requirements6.1 To meet the requirements of this specification, subjectthe test adhesive to the tests in Section 9, and make the resultsof these tests a part of the r
34、eport. In addition, the adhesive is tomeet the requirements of the tests described in Section 10 andlisted in Table 1 and Table 2, for the adhesive classification forwhich it is to be certified.6.2 Testing for freeze-thaw stability is optional. In order tocertify that an adhesive brand meets the req
35、uirements forfreeze-thaw stability, test an initial lot in accordance with10.3.3.7. All test requirements shall be passed for the appli-cable adhesive classification. Following this initial test, certi-fication for this requirement may be based on submission of themanufacturers certification.6.3 To
36、meet the storage life requirements, test an initial lotof the adhesive brand in accordance with 10.3.3.8. All testrequirements shall be passed for the applicable adhesiveclassification. Following this initial test, certification for thisrequirement may be based on submission of the manufacturerscert
37、ification.7. Retest and Rejection7.1 When a specimen fails at a load less than that specified,the failure taking place 50 % or more in the wood, disregardthat specimen in computing the average. If more than one thirdof the test specimens for any one test condition are discardedfor this reason, repea
38、t the test.7.2 If the results of any initial test do not conform to therequirements prescribed in this specification, repeat that test onan additional set of specimens made from the same lot ofadhesive, each of which conforms to the requirements speci-fied. If this set of specimens fails to meet the
39、 requirements,reject the lot.8. Sampling8.1 Take a 2-L (2-qt) sample of adhesive that is representa-tive of the lot to be tested. Place 1 L qt of the adhesive in awide-mouth, glass, 1-L (1-qt) container and seal tightly. Usefor all tests with the exception of freeze-thaw stability(10.3.3.7), and sto
40、rage life (10.3.3.8). For the initial test only,to provide samples for testing these two properties, divide thesecond quart 1-L (1-qt) equally and use half for freeze-thawstability and half for storage life. See 10.3.3.7 and 10.3.3.8 forinstructions.9. Tests for Physical Properties9.1 Test the prope
41、rties of the adhesives by the followingmethods and report the values.9.1.1 Viscosity:9.1.1.1 Bring the adhesive sample to 25 6 0.5C (77 6 1F)and hold at this temperature during the viscosity reading. Testin accordance with Test Methods D 1084, Method B, except for(1) temperature requirement, and (2)
42、 addition of Brookfieldmodel LV to the list of acceptable viscometers in 6.1 of TestMethods D 1084.9.1.1.2 For adhesives requiring the addition of a catalyst,take two viscosity measurements of the test adhesive (1) beforethe addition of the catalyst, and (2) after the addition of thecatalyst. Test i
43、n accordance with 9.1.1.1.NOTE 2Other temperatures may be used upon agreement between thecontracting parties, but the 60.5C (61F) tolerance must be observed.NOTE 3Upon agreement between the contracting parties viscositymay be tested and reported in accordance with Test Method D 2556, usingthe Brookf
44、ield synchrolectric viscometer specified in Test MethodsD 1084, Method B.9.1.2 DensityMeasure the density of the adhesive inaccordance with Test Method D 1875 and report as weight pergallon in pounds.9.1.3 NonvolatilesDetermine the nonvolatile content ofthe adhesive in accordance with Test Method D
45、1490.9.1.3.1 For adhesives requiring the addition of a catalyst,measure the nonvolatiles of the adhesive without catalyst.NOTE 4Test Method D 1490 covers the determination of the nonvola-tile content of urea-formaldehyde resin; however, the procedure given isapplicable to polyvinyl acetate adhesives
46、.9.1.4 pHBring the adhesive to 25 6 0.5C (77 6 1F) anddetermine the pH in accordance with Test Method E 70.10. Tests for Adhesive Bond10.1 For all tests, select equipment that complies withPractices E 4.10.2 Block Shear Strength (Compression):10.2.1 Prepare the test specimens in accordance with Test
47、Method D 905, using the adhesive manufacturers instructionsfor conditions and procedures for preparing the adhesive,applying it to the stock, and for assembling, pressing, andcuring the joint. Use a two-week curing period unless other-wise instructed by the adhesive manufacturer.10.2.2 Number of Tes
48、t SpecimensTest 20 test specimensrepresenting at least four joints.10.2.3 Cured (Dry) TestFollowing the prescribed condi-tioning period for the assembly being tested, bring one testgroup of 20 test specimens to 8 6 1 % moisture content (MC)and test in accordance with Test Method D 905. Apply the loa
49、dthrough a self-aligning seat to ensure uniform lateral distribu-tion of the load, except apply the load with a continuousmotion of the movable loading head at a rate of 12.7 mm (0.5in.)/min (610 %).10.2.4 CalculationCalculate the shear stress at failure inkilopascals (kPa) or pounds per square inch (psi), based on thetest specimens breaking load and tested bond-line area,measured to the nearest 6.5 mm2(0.01 in.2).10.3 Plywood Shear Tests:10.3.1 Prepare the test specimens in accordance with TestMethod D 906, using the adhesive manufacturer
