1、Designation: D 4361 09Standard Test Method forApparent Tack of Printing Inks and Vehicles by a Three-Roller Tackmeter1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 4361; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the y
2、ear of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope*1.1 This test method covers the procedure for determiningthe apparent tack of printing inks using a three-roller t
3、ackme-ter.1.2 This test method is applicable to all paste-type printinginks and vehicles that are essentially nonvolatile under ordi-nary room conditions, provided that any elastomer coveredrollers in the tackmeter are resistant to attack by the particularink or vehicle chemistry. Different elastome
4、rs may be requiredfor different ink or vehicle chemistries.1.3 This test method covers three-roller tackmeters of twodifferent geometries, referred to as Geometry A and GeometryB.1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded asstandard. No other units of measurement are included in thisstanda
5、rd.1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Terminolo
6、gy2.1 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:2.1.1 tack, nfunction of the force required to split a thinfluid film of a printing ink or vehicle between two rapidlyseparating surfaces.2.1.1.1 DiscussionTack is a rheological parameter indica-tive of internal cohesion of the fluid. It is not a
7、fixed numberbut varies with operating conditions, primarily separationvelocity, splitting area, force applied by the measuring rollerand film thickness. Tack also varies with changes in therheological properties of the ink or vehicle as a result of time,temperature, and interactions with the separat
8、ing surfaces. Inpractice, one or more of these surfaces usually consist ofelastomer rollers that may differ in composition and geometryand whose properties tend to change with age, nature ofpreviously run fluids, type of wash-up solvent, and mechanicalflaws. Tack readings are also sensitive to the c
9、alibration andzero accuracy of the tackmeter used. Different manufacturerstackmeters may use different tack scales.2.1.2 apparent tack, n tack reading obtained at a specificset of conditions.2.1.3 flying, ntendency of a printing ink or vehicle to beejected as large globules from a roller distributio
10、n system.2.1.3.1 DiscussionFlying is generally most severe duringrapid roller acceleration such as occurs when switching imme-diately from zero or a slow speed to a high operating speed.2.1.4 misting, ntendency of a printing ink or vehicle to beejected as a fine aerosol from a roller distribution sy
11、stem.2.1.4.1 DiscussionMisting is generally most severe athigh operating speeds and with fluids that produce longfilaments.3. Summary of Test Method3.1 A thin film of the test printing ink or vehicle is appliedto the three-roller distribution system of the tackmeter, whichoperates at speeds comparab
12、le to those on the roller trains ofproduction printing presses. Measurement of the frictionaltorque induced by drag forces in the splitting film provides avalue for apparent tack. Readings may vary from instrumentsupplier to instrument supplier and from geometry to geometry.3.2 The procedures in thi
13、s test method are designed to givea single value for apparent tack at a specific set of instrumentconditions. Typical conditions are as follows: a cooling watertemperature of 32C; a film thickness of 12 m of the testmaterial applied to the rollers for Geometry A and 5 m forGeometry B; and a reading
14、after 1 min of operation. Differentspeeds are specified for different types of instruments. Alter-native conditions may be used by agreement between thesupplier and the customer.3.3 Depending on the geometry and model, the torque isdetermined with a manually balanced lever arm, a direct-reading atta
15、chment, a digital readout, printer, computer or arecorder.1This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D01 on Paintand Related Coatings, Materials, and Applications and is the direct responsibility ofSubcommittee D01.56 on Printing Inks. Subcommittee D01.37 on Ink Vehiclesassisted i
16、n the development of the vehicle portion of this test method.Current edition approved July 1, 2009. Published July 2009. Originally approvedin 1984. Last previous edition approved in 2002 as D 4361 97 (2002).1*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard.Copyright ASTM Internatio
17、nal, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.3.4 Instructions are also given for calibration of the tack-meter and minimizing effects of interactions among the rollers,test fluids, and wash-up solvents.4. Significance and Use4.1 Tack of printing inks contr
18、ols their high-speed transferproperties, as manifested by throughput in roll milling, pickingof paper during printing, and wet trapping in multicolorprinting. Although an apparent tack measurement does notcompletely predict the transfer performance of an ink or avehicle, it provides a meaningful par
19、ameter for quality control,development, and research.4.2 A number of three-roller tackmeters are available thatdiffer in design features such as roller weight, geometry, andcomposition of the distribution system. Instruments of differenttypes do not give the same apparent tack readings.4.3 Instrumen
20、ts of the same type will only give apparenttack readings within tolerance, provided that they are main-tained and calibrated properly and in the same manner.5. Interferences5.1 Tackmeter SquealAhigh pitched whine or squeal maybe noted when running high tack fluids or at high rotatingspeeds, or both.
21、 Squeal usually results in unstable readings orin unreliable/wrong values. If readings are taken where squealoccurs this has to be recorded in the report.6. Apparatus6.1 Three Roller Tackmeters of Geometry A:6.1.1 Models differ in available speeds and type of readoutas follows:6.1.1.1 Mechanical Mod
22、els operate with a number of fixedspeeds of the central motor driven roller, selected from among400, 800, 1200, and 2000 r/min or higher. A direct readingattachment or a recorder is recommended to supplement themanually operated balance beam.6.1.1.2 Electronic Models operate at variable speeds of th
23、ecentral motor driven roller, ranging from 100 to 2000 or 3000r/min. A recorder or printer, or both, are recommended tosupplement the digital readout.6.1.2 Tackmeter Rollers, of suitable composition to beresistant to chemical attack by the particular ink or vehiclesystem being evaluated (see 10.3.1)
24、. A set consists of rollershaving dimensions given in Table 1.6.1.3 Ink Pipet, consisting of a metal cylinder and a plunger.Suitable pipets include fixed-volume pipets, 1.32-mL capacity;and variable volume micropipets, 2-mL capacity, accurate to0.01 mL.6.1.4 Stopwatch or Timer, accurate to 1 s.6.1.5
25、 Ink Knife, small, free from nicks and rough edges.6.1.6 Manufacturers Calibration Apparatus, for the spe-cific model tackmeter.6.1.7 Infrared Pyrometer or Internal Temperature Sensor,tomonitor tackmeter roller temperatures.6.2 Three Roller Tackmeters of Geometry B:6.2.1 Geometry B models differ in
26、available speeds andtypes of readout as follows:6.2.1.1 Model 1 operates fixed speeds selected from among50, 100, up to 450 m/min or more. A recorder, printer or PC isrecommended to supplement the digital readout to plot thecurve of the measurements.6.2.1.2 Model 2 operates at variable speeds rangin
27、g from 0to 450 m/min or more. A computer with additional software, aprinter or a recorder or all of these are recommended tosupplement the digital readout.6.2.2 Tackmeter Rollers, of suitable composition to beresistant to chemical attack by the particular ink or vehiclesystem being evaluated (see 10
28、.3.1). A set consists of rollershaving dimensions given in Table 1.6.2.3 Ink Pipet, consisting of a metal cylinder and a plunger,2-mL capacity, accurate to a minimum of 0.01 mL.6.2.4 Same as 6.1.4-6.1.7.7. Reagents and Materials7.1 Wash-Up Solvent, compatible with the test system, fastevaporating, a
29、nd having minimal effect on the rollers. Hydro-carbon solvents with a boiling range of 100 to 140C, aKauri-Butanol value of 30 to 40, and less than 1 % benzenecontent are appropriate for many sheet-fed and heat-set sys-tems. Specific solvents may be required for unique systems.7.2 Rags or Wipers, cl
30、ean, soft, absorbent, lint-free.7.3 Manufacturers Current Manual, for the specific modeltackmeter.8. Hazards8.1 WarningSince solvents may be hazardous to the skinand eyes, wear rubber gloves and safety glasses during cleanupto avoid solvent contact with skin and eyes. In case of contact,wash skin wi
31、th water; flush eyes for 15 min with water and calla physician. See suppliers Material Safety Data Sheet forfurther information on each solvent used.TABLE 1 Key Features of Three-Roller TackmetersFeature Geometry AAGeometry BADimensions of central motor driven rollerdiameter, mm 76 74.5length, mm 15
32、4 142Conversion factorm/min to rpm 4.3rpm to m/min 0.24Dimensions of top (measuring) rollerdiameter, mm 79 50length, mm 155 148Dimensions of vibrator (oscillating) rollerdiameter, mm 51 40length, mm 184 160Surface area of distribution system,Bm20.107 0.073Measuring roller mass,Ckgmechanical models 4
33、.2electronic models 4.4 1.6Applied ink amount, mL 1.32 0.4Film thickness,Cm 12.3 5AGeometry A applies to Inkometers and Inkomats. Geometry B applies toTackoscopes and Tack TestersBTop roller and vibrator roller together with fixed central roller.CIncludes mounting system.D43610928.2 Never turn the Z
34、ERO button except during the calibra-tion process (see 12.1.2.1).8.3 Never let an ink or a vehicle dry completely on therollers of the tackmeter.8.4 Take care not to damage the rollers during the cleaningprocess or by leaving them in contact when they are notrotating.8.5 Do not disengage the balance
35、 beam of a mechanicalmodel except when taking a reading.9. Sampling and Test Specimen9.1 Carefully select a sample that is free of skin and othercontamination and representative of the lot being evaluated. Aminimum of 3 to 4 mL is sufficient for two specimens. Transferto a clean container, protect w
36、ith skin paper, close, and seal.9.2 When ready to conduct the test (see 12.1.3), fill the inkpipet as follows: Transfer 1.5 to 2 mLof sample to a clean glassplate; close and reseal the container. Gently shear the samplewith an ink knife but do not aerate. For GeometryA, fill the inkpipet with 1.32 m
37、L of the worked sample. For Geometry B, fillthe pipette with 0.4 mL of the worked sample. Use the inkknife to force the specimen into the cylinder of the pipet whileslowly pulling back the plunger. Wipe excess material off thetop of the pipet.NOTE 1As seen in Table 1, the two volumes give initial in
38、k filmthicknesses of 12.3 m and 5.0 m respectively. However, the occurrenceof appreciable flying or misting will result in loss of specimen from therollers. Hence, operating film thickness may be unknown.10. Preparation and Conditioning of the Tackmeter10.1 Locate the tackmeter on a sturdy bench in
39、a draft-freetemperature-controlled environment, preferably 23 6 2C.Humidity control is necessary for test samples that aremoisture-sensitive or prone to misting. In this case 50 6 5%RH is standard.10.2 Set the water bath at 32.2 6 0.1C. All tests are to berun at this temperature. (See also A1.3.)10.
40、3 Before use, ascertain the nature of the test sample forthe following reasons:10.3.1 Roller conditioningUse only an instrument havingrollers well broken in for the type of test system. The break-inprocedure is given in A1.2. A separate set of broken-in rollersis mandatory for energy curing systems.
41、 The necessity forseparate sets of broken-in rollers, or for extensive recondition-ing when switching among different types of conventional testsystems shall be determined in each laboratory.10.3.2 Operating speedSee Table 2. Any different speedshall be recorded in the report.10.4 Before the first u
42、se of the day, equilibrate the tackmeteras follows:10.4.1 Warm up the instrument by activating the water-cooling system. Place all the rollers in contact and run at thelowest available speed for about 30 min.10.4.2 Make a conditioning run with a specimen represen-tative of the system to be evaluated
43、. For Geometry A, apply 1to 1.5 mL of the test material. For Geometry B, apply 0.4 mLof the material. Run for 5 to 10 min at the specified test speed(see Table 2). Clean up as directed in Section 13.11. Calibration of the Tackmeter11.1 Calibrate the tackmeter before initial use, after changeof rolle
44、rs and periodically as needed. First, conduct thenecessary steps in 10.3 and 10.4.11.2 Using the manufacturers calibration apparatus, followthe directions in the instrument manual.11.2.1 Mechanical Models of Geometry AZero and cali-brate the balance beam (and direct reading attachment orrecorder, if
45、 they are to be used) at the test speed specified inTable 2.11.2.2 Electronic Models of Geometry AZero and cali-brate the digital readout (and recorder, if it is to be used) at1000 r/min. When calibration is completed, check the dryreading at the specified test speed (see Table 2).NOTE 2Some three-r
46、oller tackmeters can be calibrated at only onespeed, therefore recalibration is required if a different speed is to be usedthan the calibrated one.11.2.3 After each calibration or at regular periods, conducta test run with a standard ink or vehicle. (See A1.5.)12. Procedure for Tack Evaluation12.1 G
47、eometry A:12.1.1 If necessary, make preparations as in Section 10 andcalibrate as in Section 11. If using an electronic model, makesure the motor is preset to the test speed specified in Table 2and the drive is in the LOW mode.12.1.2 Engage the rollers and run at the specified test speed.If the dry
48、reading differs from zero by more than 60.5 tackunits, reclean the rollers in accordance with 13.1 or recalibratein accordance with Section 11. Note that recalibration of a notperfectly clean roller system will result in bad readings.12.1.2.1 The dry reading on a properly calibrated instrumentis dir
49、ectly related to the condition of the top (measuring) roller;therefore, large deviations from zero are suspect. Usual causesare inadequate cleaning, residual sample or wash-up solvent, ormechanical damage. Do not turn the ZERO button, as doing sowill shift the scale. Do not attempt to compensate by subtract-ing the dry reading from the test reading. Always reclean orrecalibrate. Should large deviations from zero persist, contactthe manufacturer about the possibility of serious mechanicaldamage.12.1.3 Disengage the rollers and fill the pipet as in 9.2.Transf
