1、Designation: D4361 10Standard Test Method forApparent Tack of Printing Inks and Vehicles by a Three-Roller Tackmeter1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D4361; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the yea
2、r of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope*1.1 This test method covers the procedure for determiningthe apparent tack of printing inks using a three-roller tac
3、kme-ter.1.2 This test method is applicable to all paste-type printinginks and vehicles that are essentially nonvolatile under ordi-nary room conditions, provided that any elastomer coveredrollers in the tackmeter are resistant to attack by the particularink or vehicle chemistry. Different elastomers
4、 may be requiredfor different ink or vehicle chemistries.1.3 This test method covers three-roller tackmeters of twodifferent geometries, referred to as Geometry A and GeometryB.1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded asstandard. No other units of measurement are included in thisstandard
5、.1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced
6、Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2E691 Practice for Conducting an Interlaboratory Study toDetermine the Precision of a Test Method3. Terminology3.1 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.1.1 tack, nfunction of the force required to split a thinfluid film of a printing ink or vehicle between two
7、 rapidlyseparating surfaces.3.1.1.1 DiscussionTack is a rheological parameter indica-tive of internal cohesion of the fluid. It is not a fixed numberbut varies with operating conditions, primarily separationvelocity, splitting area, force applied by the measuring rollerand film thickness. Tack also
8、varies with changes in therheological properties of the ink or vehicle as a result of time,temperature, and interactions with the separating surfaces. Inpractice, one or more of these surfaces usually consist ofelastomer rollers that may differ in composition and geometryand whose properties tend to
9、 change with age, nature ofpreviously run fluids, type of wash-up solvent, and mechanicalflaws. Tack readings are also sensitive to the calibration andzero accuracy of the tackmeter used. Different manufacturerstackmeters may use different tack scales.3.1.2 apparent tack, n tack reading obtained at
10、a specificset of conditions.3.1.3 flying, ntendency of a printing ink or vehicle to beejected as large globules from a roller distribution system.3.1.3.1 DiscussionFlying is generally most severe duringrapid roller acceleration such as occurs when switching imme-diately from zero or a slow speed to
11、a high operating speed.3.1.4 misting, ntendency of a printing ink or vehicle to beejected as a fine aerosol from a roller distribution system.3.1.4.1 DiscussionMisting is generally most severe athigh operating speeds and with fluids that produce longfilaments.4. Summary of Test Method4.1 A thin film
12、 of the test printing ink or vehicle is appliedto the three-roller distribution system of the tackmeter, whichoperates at speeds comparable to those on the roller trains ofproduction printing presses. Measurement of the frictionaltorque induced by drag forces in the splitting film provides avalue fo
13、r apparent tack. Readings may vary from instrumentsupplier to instrument supplier and from geometry to geometry.4.2 The procedures in this test method are designed to givea single value for apparent tack at a specific set of instrumentconditions. Typical conditions are as follows: a cooling watertem
14、perature of 32C; a film thickness of 12 m of the testmaterial applied to the rollers for Geometry A and 5 m forGeometry B; and a reading after 1 min of operation. Different1This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D01 on Paintand Related Coatings, Materials, and Applications and
15、is the direct responsibility ofSubcommittee D01.56 on Printing Inks. Subcommittee D01.37 on Ink Vehiclesassisted in the development of the vehicle portion of this test method.Current edition approved Dec. 1, 2010. Published February 2011. Originallyapproved in 1984. Last previous edition approved in
16、 2009 as D4361 09. DOI:10.1520/D4361-10.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.1*A Summary of Change
17、s section appears at the end of this standard.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.speeds are specified for different types of instruments. Alter-native conditions may be used by agreement between thesupplier and the custom
18、er.4.3 Depending on the geometry and model, the torque isdetermined with a manually balanced lever arm, a direct-reading attachment, a digital readout, printer, computer or arecorder.4.4 Instructions are also given for calibration of the tack-meter and minimizing effects of interactions among the ro
19、llers,test fluids, and wash-up solvents.5. Significance and Use5.1 Tack of printing inks controls their high-speed transferproperties, as manifested by throughput in roll milling, pickingof paper during printing, and wet trapping in multicolorprinting. Although an apparent tack measurement does notc
20、ompletely predict the transfer performance of an ink or avehicle, it provides a meaningful parameter for quality control,development, and research.5.2 A number of three-roller tackmeters are available thatdiffer in design features such as roller weight, geometry, andcomposition of the distribution s
21、ystem. Instruments of differenttypes do not give the same apparent tack readings.5.3 Instruments of the same type will only give apparenttack readings within tolerance, provided that they are main-tained and calibrated properly and in the same manner.6. Interferences6.1 Tackmeter SquealAhigh pitched
22、 whine or squeal maybe noted when running high tack fluids or at high rotatingspeeds, or both. Squeal usually results in unstable readings orin unreliable/wrong values. If readings are taken where squealoccurs this has to be recorded in the report.7. Apparatus7.1 Three Roller Tackmeters of Geometry
23、A:7.1.1 Models differ in available speeds and type of readoutas follows:7.1.1.1 Mechanical Models operate with a number of fixedspeeds of the central motor driven roller, selected from among400, 800, 1200, and 2000 r/min or higher. A direct readingattachment or a recorder is recommended to supplemen
24、t themanually operated balance beam.7.1.1.2 Electronic Models operate at variable speeds of thecentral motor driven roller, ranging from 100 to 2000 or 3000r/min. A recorder or printer, or both, are recommended tosupplement the digital readout.7.1.2 Tackmeter Rollers, of suitable composition to bere
25、sistant to chemical attack by the particular ink or vehiclesystem being evaluated (see 11.3.1). A set consists of rollershaving dimensions given in Table 1.7.1.3 Ink Pipet, consisting of a metal cylinder and a plunger.Suitable pipets include fixed-volume pipets, 1.32-mL capacity;and variable volume
26、micropipets, 2-mL capacity, accurate to0.01 mL.7.1.4 Stopwatch or Timer, accurate to 1 s.7.1.5 Ink Knife, small, free from nicks and rough edges.7.1.6 Manufacturers Calibration Apparatus, for the spe-cific model tackmeter.7.1.7 Infrared Pyrometer or Internal Temperature Sensor,tomonitor tackmeter ro
27、ller temperatures.7.2 Three Roller Tackmeters of Geometry B:7.2.1 Geometry B models differ in available speeds andtypes of readout as follows:7.2.1.1 Model 1 operates fixed speeds selected from among50, 100, up to 450 m/min or more. A recorder, printer or PC isrecommended to supplement the digital r
28、eadout to plot thecurve of the measurements.7.2.1.2 Model 2 operates at variable speeds ranging from 0to 450 m/min or more. A computer with additional software, aprinter or a recorder or all of these are recommended tosupplement the digital readout.7.2.2 Tackmeter Rollers, of suitable composition to
29、 beresistant to chemical attack by the particular ink or vehiclesystem being evaluated (see 11.3.1). A set consists of rollershaving dimensions given in Table 1.7.2.3 Ink Pipet, consisting of a metal cylinder and a plunger,2-mL capacity, accurate to a minimum of 0.01 mL.7.2.4 Same as 7.1.4-7.1.7.8.
30、Reagents and Materials8.1 Wash-Up Solvent, compatible with the test system, fastevaporating, and having minimal effect on the rollers. Hydro-carbon solvents with a boiling range of 100 to 140C, aKauri-Butanol value of 30 to 40, and less than 1 % benzenecontent are appropriate for many sheet-fed and
31、heat-set sys-tems. Specific solvents may be required for unique systems.8.2 Rags or Wipers, clean, soft, absorbent, lint-free.8.3 Manufacturers Current Manual, for the specific modeltackmeter.TABLE 1 Key Features of Three-Roller TackmetersFeature Geometry AAGeometry BADimensions of central motor dri
32、ven rollerdiameter, mm 76 74.5length, mm 154 142Conversion factorm/min to rpm 4.3rpm to m/min 0.24Dimensions of top (measuring) rollerdiameter, mm 79 50length, mm 155 148Dimensions of vibrator (oscillating) rollerdiameter, mm 51 40length, mm 184 160Surface area of distribution system,Bm20.107 0.073M
33、easuring roller mass,Ckgmechanical models 4.2electronic models 4.4 1.6Applied ink amount, mL 1.32 0.4Film thickness,Cm 12.3 5AGeometry A applies to Inkometers and Inkomats. Geometry B applies toTackoscopes and Tack TestersBTop roller and vibrator roller together with fixed central roller.CIncludes m
34、ounting system.D4361 1029. Hazards9.1 WarningSince solvents may be hazardous to the skinand eyes, wear rubber gloves and safety glasses during cleanupto avoid solvent contact with skin and eyes. In case of contact,wash skin with water; flush eyes for 15 min with water and calla physician. See suppli
35、ers Material Safety Data Sheet forfurther information on each solvent used.9.2 Never turn the ZERO button except during the calibra-tion process (see 13.1.2.1).9.3 Never let an ink or a vehicle dry completely on therollers of the tackmeter.9.4 Take care not to damage the rollers during the cleaningp
36、rocess or by leaving them in contact when they are notrotating.9.5 Do not disengage the balance beam of a mechanicalmodel except when taking a reading.10. Sampling and Test Specimen10.1 Carefully select a sample that is free of skin and othercontamination and representative of the lot being evaluate
37、d. Aminimum of 3 to 4 mL is sufficient for two specimens. Transferto a clean container, protect with skin paper, close, and seal.10.2 When ready to conduct the test (see 13.1.3), fill the inkpipet as follows: Transfer 1.5 to 2 mLof sample to a clean glassplate; close and reseal the container. Gently
38、 shear the samplewith an ink knife but do not aerate. For GeometryA, fill the inkpipet with 1.32 mL of the worked sample. For Geometry B, fillthe pipette with 0.4 mL of the worked sample. Use the inkknife to force the specimen into the cylinder of the pipet whileslowly pulling back the plunger. Wipe
39、 excess material off thetop of the pipet.NOTE 1As seen in Table 1, the two volumes give initial ink filmthicknesses of 12.3 m and 5.0 m respectively. However, the occurrenceof appreciable flying or misting will result in loss of specimen from therollers. Hence, operating film thickness may be unknow
40、n.11. Preparation and Conditioning of the Tackmeter11.1 Locate the tackmeter on a sturdy bench in a draft-freetemperature-controlled environment, preferably 23 6 2C.Humidity control is necessary for test samples that aremoisture-sensitive or prone to misting. In this case 50 6 5%RH is standard.11.2
41、Set the water bath at 32.2 6 0.1C. All tests are to berun at this temperature. (See also A1.3.)11.3 Before use, ascertain the nature of the test sample forthe following reasons:11.3.1 Roller conditioningUse only an instrument havingrollers well broken in for the type of test system. The break-inproc
42、edure is given in A1.2. A separate set of broken-in rollersis mandatory for energy curing systems. The necessity forseparate sets of broken-in rollers, or for extensive recondition-ing when switching among different types of conventional testsystems shall be determined in each laboratory.11.3.2 Oper
43、ating speedSee Table 2. Any different speedshall be recorded in the report.11.4 Before the first use of the day, equilibrate the tackmeteras follows:11.4.1 Warm up the instrument by activating the water-cooling system. Place all the rollers in contact and run at thelowest available speed for about 3
44、0 min.11.4.2 Make a conditioning run with a specimen represen-tative of the system to be evaluated. For Geometry A, apply 1to 1.5 mL of the test material. For Geometry B, apply 0.4 mLof the material. Run for 5 to 10 min at the specified test speed(see Table 2). Clean up as directed in Section 14.12.
45、 Calibration of the Tackmeter12.1 Calibrate the tackmeter before initial use, after changeof rollers and periodically as needed. First, conduct thenecessary steps in 11.3 and 11.4.12.2 Using the manufacturers calibration apparatus, followthe directions in the instrument manual.12.2.1 Mechanical Mode
46、ls of Geometry AZero and cali-brate the balance beam (and direct reading attachment orrecorder, if they are to be used) at the test speed specified inTable 2.12.2.2 Electronic Models of Geometry AZero and cali-brate the digital readout (and recorder, if it is to be used) at1000 r/min. When calibrati
47、on is completed, check the dryreading at the specified test speed (see Table 2).NOTE 2Some three-roller tackmeters can be calibrated at only onespeed, therefore recalibration is required if a different speed is to be usedthan the calibrated one.12.2.3 After each calibration or at regular periods, co
48、nducta test run with a standard ink or vehicle. (See A1.5.)13. Procedure for Tack Evaluation13.1 Geometry A:13.1.1 If necessary, make preparations as in Section 11 andcalibrate as in Section 12. If using an electronic model, makesure the motor is preset to the test speed specified in Table 2and the
49、drive is in the LOW mode.13.1.2 Engage the rollers and run at the specified test speed.If the dry reading differs from zero by more than 60.5 tackunits, reclean the rollers in accordance with 14.1 or recalibratein accordance with Section 12. Note that recalibration of a notperfectly clean roller system will result in bad readings.13.1.2.1 The dry reading on a properly calibrated instrumentis directly related to the condition of the top (measuring) roller;therefore, large deviations from zero are suspect. Usual causesare inadequate cleaning, residual samp
