1、Designation: D 4385 02Standard Practice forClassifying Visual Defects in Thermosetting ReinforcedPlastic Pultruded Products1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 4385; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision,
2、 the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope *1.1 This practice covers acceptance criteria for visual ac-ceptance of thermosetting reinforced plastic pu
3、ltruded rods,bars, shapes, and sheets.1.2 This practice presents definitions of possible defects toserve as a guide for contracts, drawings, product specifications,and final inspection.1.3 This practice also categorizes different inspection re-quirements for three grades of product quality.1.4 This
4、standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.NOTE 1There is no simila
5、r or equivalent ISO standard.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:D 3647 Practice for Classifying Reinforced Plastic Pul-truded Shapes According to Composition2D 3917 Specification for Dimensional Tolerance of Ther-mosetting Glass-Reinforced Plastic Pultruded Shapes23. Acceptance Criteria3.1 Th
6、e method and frequency of sampling and the qualitylevel shall be agreed upon between the purchaser and the seller.3.2 Dimensions and TolerancesPultruded shapes shall beinspected for conformance with dimensions and tolerancesspecified on the product drawing. Products with any dimen-sions exceeding th
7、e specified limits shall be rejected.3.3 PunchabilityProducts 5 mm thick or thinner, havingReinforcement Material G and Reinforcement Type M inaccordance with Practice D 3647, shall be capable of beingpunched, drilled, and riveted without causing splitting ordelamination when good commercial practic
8、es are employed(for example, proper backup, adequate hole spacing, etc.).3.4 Critical AreasAreas in which the presence of imper-fections is considered to be detrimental to the proper functionof the part shall be designated as critical areas. The areas of aproduct that are critical structurally, aero
9、dynamically, electri-cally, or for some other purpose shall be uniform and inaccordance with the quality levels of Table 1 as stated on theproduct drawing. Critical areas may be designated on theproduct drawing by one of the following methods:3.4.1 Encircle critical areas,3.4.2 Cross-hatch areas to
10、designate areas of various levels,or3.4.3 Word description.3.5 Allowable DefectsDefects that by nature, number, orfrequency of occurrence do not affect the serviceability of theproduct. These allowable defects shall be fully described as totype, size, number, extent allowed, and spacing. The appropr
11、i-ate acceptance level (see Table 1) for defects in these areasmust be specified. Defects in excess of those listed as allowablein the product specifications, drawings, or contracts for theproduct shall be cause for rejection.3.6 Acceptable DefectsUnless otherwise specified, thefollowing defects sha
12、ll be acceptable in all instances:3.6.1 Shrink-MarkA dimple-like depression on the sur-face of a pultruded shape where it has retracted from thepultrusion die, and which has well-rounded edges. A shrink-mark generally occurs on one surface of a part where there isa boss, flange, rib, or other heavy
13、section on the oppositesurface. The shrink-mark may be caused by the difference intotal shrinkage when there is a sudden change in section alongthe surface of the part.3.6.2 Resin VoidsApplicable to a number of mat- andfabric-type reinforcement systems, particularly continuousstrand mat used without
14、 a surfacing material or woven fabrics.The resin voids appear as multiple surface interruptions thatconform to the pattern of the cloth weave or the continuousstrand mat fiber distribution. This is usually due to an insuffi-cient flow or shrinkage of the resin that fails to fill all of theinterstice
15、s of the fabric or mat reinforcement. These defects1This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D20 on Plastics andis the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D20.18 on Reinforced ThermosettingPlastics.Current edition approved March 10, 2002. Published May 2002. Originallypublished as
16、 D 4385 84. Last previous edition D 4385 95.2Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 08.02.1*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.occur only on the surface layer o
17、f resin in contact with thepultrusion die or mold.3.6.2.1 Pultrusions intended for chemical corrosion environ-ments with pH below 5, or over 9, or for immersion applica-tions, require a synthetic surface veil to ensure adequate resincoverage. Any resin voids shall be repaired.3.7 Repairable DefectsR
18、epairable defects are those thatcan be repaired without affecting the serviceability of theproduct unless otherwise specifically prohibited on productspecifications, drawings, or contracts. The specific repairabledefects include blister, chips, die-parting line, gouges, groov-ing, intermittent disfi
19、gurement, scale, scuffing, sluffing, stopmark, wire brush surface, and resin voids (see 3.6.2). Therepaired product must conform to the limits of Table 1. Otherdefects may be repaired by mutual consent of the customer andthe pultruder. Methods of repair shall be agreed upon betweenthe purchaser and
20、the seller and shall be fully described by theproduct specification, drawings, or contracts.4. Acceptance Levels4.1 Visual InspectionEach sample selected in accordancewith 3.1 shall be checked visually without the aid of magnifi-cation. Defects shall be classified as to type and level, as shownin Ta
21、ble 1. The quality level shall be determined by referenceto the product specification or drawing for the applicableacceptance level for allowable defects. The inspection shall beconcerned with those defects described by the product speci-fications, drawings, or contracts for the pultruded products.
22、Ifnone of these first three levels (Levels I, II, or III) is consideredapplicable, the level shall be Level IV, and allowable defectsmust be specified on the product specification or drawingincluding the criteria for acceptance. Any excess of defects, asspecified under the required level, shall be c
23、ause for rejection.Unless otherwise specified, dimensions are surface dimensions.4.2 Acceptance Level IPresence of any defects in excessof those listed in Table 1, Level I, shall be cause for rejection.4.3 Acceptance Level IIPresence of defects in excess ofthose listed in Table 1, Level II, shall be
24、 cause for rejection, ifdefect is not repairable.4.4 Acceptance Level IIIPresence of defects in excess ofthose listed in Table 1, Level III, shall be cause for rejection, ifdefect is not repairable.4.5 Acceptance Level IVAny defect not specifically de-fined by size or shape in Levels I, II, or III t
25、hat falls into acategory between Levels I, II, and III or beyond Level III andis considered acceptable, shall be designated as Level IV andshall be specified on the product specification or drawing. Anysuch defect shall be fully described as to size, shape, number,extend, and spacing on the product
26、drawing, product specifi-cation, or contracts for the products.5. Keywords5.1 pultrusion; structural shapes; visualTABLE 1 Acceptance CriteriaName DefinitionVisual Acceptance LevelsLevel I Level II Level IIIBlack Marking Black smudges on the surface of thepultruded product that cannot beremoved by c
27、leaning, scrubbing, orwiping with solvent.None Permitted if not over 12 mm wide or 20cm long or more than 4 marks per 3 mof length.Permitted if not over 12 mmNOTEBlack marking results fromexcessive pressures in the die whenthe pultrusion is rubbing against soft orunchromed die surfaces.Blister A rou
28、nded elevation of the pultrudedsurface with boundaries that may bemore or less sharply defined.None Permitted if formed between surfacinglayer and balance of laminate, width isnot greater than 75 % of surfacePermitted if formed between surfacinglayer and balance of laminate, width isno greater than
29、80 % of surfaceNOTEThe rounded elevationsomewhat resembles in shape a blisteron the surface of human skin.width (but 10 cm max) and length isnot over 15 cm. No more than 1 per 3m of length.width (but 13 cm max) and length isnot over 20 cm. No more than 2 per 3m of length.Blisters may exist within th
30、epultrusion as a hollow delaminatedarea (gas-filled) under a raised portionof the surface.Product must meet test requirements and not exceed dimensional tolerances.Repair if limits exceeded.Blooming, Fiber (FiberShow)A pultrusion surface conditionexhibiting a fiber prominence or fibershow that usual
31、ly has a white orbleached color and a sparklingappearance.None Permitted for rod and bar with all roving reinforcement. None permitted for a mat/roving profile unless the profile contains no surfacing veil by its specification.NOTEThe surface generally feelsrough when touched by the fingers andis of
32、 superficial thickness easilyremoved by buffing or light sanding.Blooming, Undercure A dull and bleached surface color thatis evident in pultruded material notexposed to the weather.None None NoneBurn A discoloration, distortion, ordestruction of the pultruded surface asa result of thermal decomposi
33、tion.None None NoneD 43852TABLE 1 ContinuedName DefinitionVisual Acceptance LevelsLevel I Level II Level IIIChips (Gouges) Minor damage to the pultruded surfacethat removes material but does notcause a crack or craze.None Not over 6 mm long or wide or 0.64mm deep. Not more than 4 per3moflength. Repa
34、ir if limits exceeded.Not over 10 mm wide or long or 0.64mm deep. Not more than 5 per3moflength. Repair if limits exceeded.Crack A visual separation that occursinternally or penetrates down from thepultruded surface to the equivalent ofone full ply or more reinforcement.None None NoneCrater A small,
35、 shallow pultrusion surfaceimperfection.None Not over 1 mm in diameter and 0.64mm deep. Maximum of 5 per 64.5 cmof area and no more than 1 such areaper 0.3 m of product.Not over 1.5 mm in diameter and 0.76mm deep. Maximum of 5 per 64.5 cmarea and no more than one such areaper 0.3 m.Not permitted in
36、same area of unrepaired chips and gouges.Craze Multiple fine separation cracks at thepultruded surface not penetrating intothe reinforcement nor to the equivalentdepth of one ply of reinforcement.None Not over 9 mm long or 0.4 mm wide,not more than 12 per3moflength.Not over 9 mm long or 0.4 mm wide,
37、continuous crazing permitted.NOTEThis condition is usually due toresin shrinkage during cure in resin-rich areas.Delamination The separation of two or more layersor plies of reinforcing material within apultrusion.None None NoneDie Parting Line A lengthwise flash or depression onthe surface of a pul
38、truded plastic part.The line projection caused by the die-parting line shall not extend past theproducts surface by more than 0.20mm for shapes less than 3.1 cm wideand 0.3 mm for shapes greater than3.1 cm wide. It shall not create a sharpfeeling or have loose fibers. Repair iflimits exceeded.The li
39、ne projection caused by the dieparting line shall not extend past theproducts surface by more than 0.30mm. It shall not create a sharp feelingor have loose fibers. Repair if limits areexceeded.NOTEThe die-parting line isassociated with the area whereseparate pieces of the die join togetherto form th
40、e cavity.Discoloration A streak of other pattern on the surfacethat causes a noticeable change ofcolor from the rest of the pultrudedsurface.None Spots of any color not over 12 mm indiameter or 4 per3moflength arepermitted. Streaks or longitudinalstains permitted if not over 12 mmwide, 20 cm long, o
41、r more than 4 per 3m of length.Spots of any color not over 19 mm indiameter or 8 per3moflength arepermitted. Streaks or longitudinalstains permitted if not over 19 mmwide, 25 cm long, or more than 6 per 3m of length.Dry Fiber (Lack of ResinFillout)A condition in which fibers are not fullyencapsulate
42、d by resin duringpultrusion.None If internal, permitted if product meets test requirements. If on the surface, seeblooming, fiber.Dullness A lack of normal pultruded surfacegloss or shine.None Permitted unless caused by insufficient cure.NOTEThis condition can be causedby insufficient cure locally o
43、r in largeareas, resulting in the dull bandcreated on a pultruded part within thedie when the pultrusion process isinterrupted briefly (see stop mark).Exposed Underlayer The underlying layer of mat or rovingnot covered by surface material in apultrusion.None Permitted if surfacing material coversall
44、 but 9.5 mm from each free edge butnot to exceed 40 % of the width of thesurface being inspected or 25 % of theperimeter of a round product.Permitted if surfacing material coversall but 12 mm from each free edge butnot to exceed 50 % of the width of thesurface being inspected or 30 % of theperimeter
45、 of a round product.The exposed underlayment may be present intermittently along an entire length. Allreinforcing fibers shall be encapsulated with resin.Fiber Bridging Reinforcing fiber material that is foundbridging across on an inside radius ofa pultruded shape.None Permitted if reinforcing fiber
46、s are encapsulated by resin, no corner cracks exist,and there is no evidence of delamination.NOTEThis condition is caused byshrinkage stresses around such aradius during cure.Fiber Prominence A visible and measurable pattern of thereinforcing material on the surface of apultruded plastic part.None P
47、ermitted if reinforcing material is encapsulated by resin.Folded Reinforcement An unintentional or unspecifiedmisalignment of mat or fabricreinforcing material in relation to thecontour of a pultruded section.None Not permitted when fold results in 3 ormore plies affected and areinforcement-rich are
48、a.Permitted if reinforcement rich area isnot created and test requirements aremet.D 43853TABLE 1 ContinuedName DefinitionVisual Acceptance LevelsLevel I Level II Level IIINOTESuch folds may or may notaffect the surface appearance of thepultrusion and are chiefly visible in acut cross section of the
49、product. Suchreinforcement irregularities are usuallydue to shifting and crowding of thereinforcing material during pultrusion.Fracture Cracks, crazing, or delamination, or acombination thereof, resulting fromphysical damage to the pultrusion.None None NoneGlassiness A glassy, marbleized, streakedappearance at the pultruded surface.None None NoneNOTEThis condition is visuallyevident, but reinforcement is in factfully encapsulated with resin.Grooving Long narrow grooves or depressions ina surface of a pultrusion parallel to itslength.None Permitted if material t
