1、Designation: D4385 10D4385 13Standard Practice forClassifying Visual Defects in Thermosetting ReinforcedPlastic Pultruded Products1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D4385; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of rev
2、ision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope*1.1 This practice covers acceptance criteria for visual acceptance of thermosetting reinforced plastic
3、 pultruded rods, bars,shapes, and sheets.1.2 This practice presents definitions of possible defects to serve as a guide for contracts, drawings, product specifications, andfinal inspection.1.3 This practice also categorizes different inspection requirements for the three of four grades of product qu
4、ality identifiedherein.The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematicalconversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety
5、concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibilityof the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatorylimitations prior to use.NOTE 1There is no known ISO equivalent to this standard.2. Referenced Documents2.
6、1 ASTM Standards:2D3647 Practice for Classifying Reinforced Plastic Pultruded Shapes According to CompositionD3917 Specification for Dimensional Tolerance of Thermosetting Glass-Reinforced Plastic Pultruded Shapes3. Terminology3.1 mat discolorationa yellowing of the reinforcing mats caused by binder
7、 migration. The discoloration can cause visualstreaks on the surface of the pultrusion.3.2 test requirementminimum design, characteristic or specified values as dictated and or specified by codes, standards,industry, end customers, the manufacturer or the Engineer of Record.3.3 connection areasareas
8、 associated with a pultruded member that form a connection in some form or fashion that will notbe visible after fabrication.3.4 fiber bloomingexposed reinforcements on the surface of a profile as a result of veil slippage or lack of resin. Such defectscan cause the exposed fiber to “bloom” when exp
9、osed to ultraviolet light.3.5 internal layerrefers to individual layers of unidirectional or transverse reinforcements in the form of roving/tows,continuous filament, woven or stitched mats formed and laminated via the pultrusion process to produce a specific thickness ofor as part of a pultruded pr
10、ofile. A stitched or woven mat is made up of individual layers of roving woven or stitched together toform a single mat4. Acceptance Criteria4.1 The method and frequency of sampling and the quality level shall be agreed upon between the purchaser and theseller.inspection shall be the responsibility
11、of the pultruder as deemed necessary to maintain compliance to this specification, unlessthe purchaser and seller agree on other terms.1 This practice is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee D20 on Plastics and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D20.18 on ReinforcedThermosetting Plastic
12、s.Current edition approved April 1, 2010Nov. 15, 2013. Published May 2010December 2013. Originally approved in 1984. Last previous edition approved in 20082010 asD4385 - 08.D4385 - 10. DOI: 10.1520/D4385-10.10.1520/D4385-13.2 For referencedASTM standards, visit theASTM website, www.astm.org, or cont
13、actASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standardsvolume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page on the ASTM website.This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have bee
14、n made to the previous version. Becauseit may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current versionof the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document
15、.*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standardCopyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States14.2 Dimensions and TolerancesPultruded shapes shall be inspected for conformance with dimensions and tolerances specifie
16、don the product drawing or by Specification D3917. Products with any dimensions exceeding the specified limits shall be rejected.3.3 PunchabilityProducts not exceeding 4.7 mm (0.185 in.) thickness, having Reinforcement Material G and ReinforcementType M in accordance with Practice D3647, shall be ca
17、pable of being punched, drilled, and riveted without causing splitting ordelamination when good commercial practices are employed (for example, proper backup, adequate hole spacing, etc.).3.4 Critical AreasAreas in which the presence of imperfections is considered to be detrimental to the proper fun
18、ction of thepart shall be designated as critical areas. The areas of a product that are critical structurally, aerodynamically, electrically, or forsome other purpose shall be uniform and in accordance with the quality levels of Table 1 as stated on the product drawing. Criticalareas may be designat
19、ed on the product drawing by one of the following methods:3.4.1 Encircle critical areas,3.4.2 Cross-hatch areas to designate areas of various levels, or3.4.3 Word description of the critical area(s).4.3 Allowable DefectsDefects that by nature, number, or frequency of occurrence do not affect the ser
20、viceability of theproduct. These allowable Allowable defects shall be fully described as to the type, size, number, extent allowed, and spacing. Theappropriate acceptance level (see Table 1) for defects in these areas must be specified. Defects in excess of those listed as allowabledefects in the pr
21、oduct specifications, drawings, or contracts, for the productproducts, shall be cause for rejection.3.6 Acceptable DefectsUnless otherwise specified, the following defects shall be acceptable in all instances:3.6.1 Shrink-MarkAdimple-like depression on the surface of a pultruded shape where it has r
22、etracted from the pultrusion die,and which has well-rounded edges. A shrink-mark generally occurs on one surface of a part where there is a boss, flange, rib, orother heavy section on the opposite surface. The shrink-mark may be caused by the difference in total shrinkage when there is asudden chang
23、e in section along the surface of the part.3.6.2 Resin VoidsApplicable to a number of mat- and fabric-type reinforcement systems, particularly continuous strand matused without a surfacing material or woven fabrics. The resin voids appear as multiple surface interruptions that conform to thepattern
24、of the cloth weave or the continuous strand mat fiber distribution. This is usually due to an insufficient flow or shrinkageof the resin that fails to fill all of the interstices of the fabric or mat reinforcement. These defects occur only on the surface layerof resin in contact with the pultrusion
25、die or mold.3.6.2.1 Pultrusions intended for chemical corrosion environments with pH below 5, or over 9, or for immersion applications,require a synthetic surface veil to ensure adequate resin coverage. Any resin voids shall be repaired.4.4 Repairable DefectsRepairable defects are those that can be
26、repaired without affecting the serviceability of the productunless otherwise specifically prohibited on product specifications, drawings, or contracts. The specific repairable defects includeblister, chips, die-parting line, gouges, grooving, intermittent disfigurement, scale, scuffing, sluffing, st
27、op mark, wire brush surface,and resin voids (seeVisual defects (for example, chips, exposed reinforcement, fiber bridging, fiber prominence, and scuffing) thatdo 3.6.2). The repaired product must conform to the limits ofnot affect the structural serviceability Table 1. Other defects may berepaired b
28、y mutual consent of the customer and the pultruder. Methods of repair shall be that are permitted to be repaired if agreedupon between the purchasermanufacturer and the seller and shall be fully described by the product specification, drawings, orcontracts.purchaser. The repair procedure shall be do
29、cumented and contractually agreed upon by all parties involved.5. Acceptance Levels5.1 Visual InspectionEach sample selected in accordance with 3.1 shall be checked visually without the aid of magnification.Defects shall be classified as to type and level, as shown in Any defect not meeting Table 1.
30、 The quality level shall be determinedby reference to the product specification or drawing for the applicable acceptance level for allowable defects. The inspection shallbe concerned with those defects described by the product specifications, drawings, or contracts for the pultruded products. If non
31、eof these first three levels (Levels I, II, or III) is considered applicable, the level shall be Level IV, and allowable defects must bespecified on the product specification or drawing including the criteria for acceptance. Any excess of defects, as specified underthe required level, shall be cause
32、 for rejection. Unless otherwise specified, the dimensions in this practice are surfacedimensions.the requirements of this standard, shall be cause for rejection. Any defect not covered in this specification shall beresolved between the purchaser and the seller and shall be fully described in the sp
33、ecification and contractual documents.4.2 Acceptance Level IPresence of any defects in excess of those listed in Table 1, Level I, shall be cause for rejection.4.3 Acceptance Level IIPresence of defects in excess of those listed in Table 1, Level II, shall be cause for rejection, if defectis not rep
34、airable.4.4 Acceptance Level IIIPresence of defects in excess of those listed in Table 1, Level III, shall be cause for rejection, if defectis not repairable.4.5 Acceptance Level IVAny defect not specifically defined by size or shape in Levels I, II, or III that falls into a categorybetween Levels I
35、, II, and III or is beyond Level III and is considered acceptable, shall be designated as Level IV and shall beD4385 132specified on the product specification or drawing. Any such defect shall be fully described as to size, shape, number, extend, andspacing on the product drawing, product specificat
36、ion, or contracts for the products.6. Keywords6.1 pultrusion; structural shapes; visualTABLE 1 Acceptance Criteriacolwidth=“84pts“colwidth=“124pts“colname=“col3“ colwidth=“28pts“Name DefinitionVisual AcceptanceLevelsLevel I Level II Level IIIBlack Marking Black smudges on thesurface of the pultruded
37、product that cannot beremoved by cleaning,scrubbing, or wiping withsolvent.None Permitted if not over 12 mm wide or 20cm long or more than 4 marks per 3 mof length.Permitted if not over 25 mm and allproduct test requirements are satisfiedBlister A rounded elevation ofthe pultruded surfacewith bounda
38、ries that maybe more or less sharplydefined.None Permitted if not on the exterior surfaceformed between the surfacing veil andfirst layer of reinforcement. And lessthan 15 mm in diameter. No more thanone per 3 m in length.Permitted if formed between surfacinglayer and balance of laminate, width isno
39、 greater than 40 % of surface width(but 7 cm max) and length is not over20 cm. No more than 2 per 3 m oflength. Blisters less than 19 mm indiameter are permitted on interiorsurfaces that are bonded. A popcornblister (less than 1.5 mm in diameterand .25 mm high) is permitted.NOTEThe roundedelevation
40、somewhatresembles in shape ablister on the surface ofhuman skin.Blisters may exist withinthe pultrusion as ahollow delaminated area(gas-filled) under araised portion of thesurface.Product must meet testrequirements and notexceed dimensionaltolerances.Repair if limits exceeded.Blooming, Undercure A d
41、ull and bleachedsurface color that isevident in pultrudedmaterial not exposed tothe weather.None None NoneBurn A discoloration,distortion, or destructionof the pultruded surfaceas a result of thermaldecomposition.None None NoneChips (Gouges) Minor damage to thepultruded surface thatremoves material
42、butdoes not cause a crackor craze.None Not over 6 mm long or wide or 0.64mm deep. Not more than 4 per 3 m oflength. Repair if limits exceeded.Not over 10 mm wide or long or 0.64mm deep. Not more than 5 per 3 m oflength. Repair if limits exceeded.Crack A visual separation thatpenetrates down fromthe
43、pultruded surface tothe equivalent of one fullply or morereinforcement (0.5 mm).See internal shrinkagecracks.None None NoneCrater A small, shallowpultrusion surfaceimperfection.None Not over 1 mm in diameter and 0.64mm deep. Maximum of 5 per 64.5 cmof area and no more than 1 such areaper 0.3 m of pr
44、oduct.Acceptable if it does not reduce thepart thickness below the minimumspecification.Not permitted in same area of unrepaired chips and gouges.Craze Multiple fine separationcracks at the pultrudedsurface not penetratinginto the reinforcementnor to the equivalentdepth of one ply ofreinforcement.No
45、ne Not over 9 mm long or 0.4 mm wide,not more than 12 per 3 m of length.Can be over the entire length of thepart.D4385 133TABLE 1 ContinuedName DefinitionVisualTABLE 1 ContinuedAcceptance LevelsLevel I Level II Level IIINOTEThis condition isusually due to resinshrinkage during cure inresin-rich area
46、s.Delamination The separation of two ormore layers or plies ofreinforcing materialwithin a pultrusioncausing a localizedthickness changeexceeding 0.13 mm(0.005 in.)None None NoneDie Parting Line A lengthwise flash ordepression on thesurface of a pultrudedplastic part. The dieparting line is not part
47、 ofthe dimensionaltolerance.The line projection caused by the die-parting line shall not extend past theproducts surface by more than 0.20mm for shapes less than 3.1 cm wideand 0.3 mm for shapes greater than3.1 cm wide. It shall not create a sharpfeeling or have loose fibers. Repair iflimits exceede
48、d.The line projection caused by the dieparting line shall not extend past theproducts surface by more than 0.30mm. It shall not create a sharp feelingor have loose fibers. Repair if limits areexceeded.NOTEThe die-partingline is associated withthe area where separatepieces of the die jointogether to
49、form thecavity.Discoloration A streak of other patternon the surface thatcauses a noticeablechange of color from therest of the pultrudedsurface.None Spots of any color not over 12 mm indiameter or 4 per 3 m of length arepermitted. Streaks or longitudinalstains permitted if not over 12 mmwide, 20 cm long, or more than 4 per 3m of length.Spots of any color not over 19 mm indiameter or 8 per 3 m of length arepermitted. Streaks or longitudinalstains permitted if not over 19 mmwide, 25 cm long, or more than 6 per 3m of length. Continuous discolorationscaused by
