1、Designation: D 4427 07Standard Classification ofPeat Samples by Laboratory Testing1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 4427; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in p
2、arentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.1. Scope*1.1 This classification is a system for subdividing andassigning no
3、menclature to peat samples through laboratorytests.1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety problems, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of
4、regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D 653 Terminology Relating to Soil, Rock, and ContainedFluidsD 1997 Test Method for Laboratory Determination of theFiber Content of Peat Samples by Dry MassD 2974 Test Methods for Moisture, Ash, and Organic Mat-ter of Pea
5、t and Other Organic SoilsD 2976 Test Method for pH of Peat MaterialsD 2980 Test Method for Volume Mass, Moisture-HoldingCapacity, and Porocity of Saturated Peat MaterialsD 3740 Practice for Minimum Requirements for AgenciesEngaged in the Testing and/or Inspection of Soil and Rockas Used in Engineeri
6、ng Design and Construction3. Terminology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 For common definitions of terms in this standard, referto Terminology D 653.3.1.2 peata naturally-occurring highly organic substancederived primarily from plant materials. Peat is distinguishedfrom other organic soil materials by its lowe
7、r ash content (lessthan 25 % ash by dry weight (see Test Methods D 2974), andfrom other phytogenic material of higher rank (that is, lignitecoal) by its lower calorific value on a water saturated basis.3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.2.1 absorbencythe maximum amount of moisture
8、(byweight) that can be held by the peat. This is expressed in termsof the water-holding capacity as measured using Test MethodD 2980.3.2.2 aciditythis is expressed as the pH of the peat inwater as measured using Test Method D 2976.3.2.3 ash contentthe percentage by dry weight of materialremaining af
9、ter the oven dry peat is burned, using the methodsdescribed in Test Methods D 2974.3.2.4 botanical compositionthe dominant plant genus,genera, or informal plant group identified by visual inspectionas comprising a portion of the fiber in the peat.3.2.5 fiber contentthe dry weight of fibers remaining
10、 on a100 mesh sieve after wet sieving. Fiber content is expressed asa percentage of the original dry weight, using the methoddescribed in Test Method D 1997.4. Significance and Use4.1 The purpose of this classification is to standardize thenaming of peat materials so that the peat-producer can bette
11、ridentify the product and the peat-consumer better select peatmaterials to meet requirements. This system may also be usedfor peat resource evaluations, environmental impact reports,and preliminary engineering studies. The parameters selectedfor use in this classification are ones which have beendet
12、ermined to relate to the agricultural/horticultural, geotech-nical, and energy uses of peats.NOTE 1The quality of the results produced by this standard isdependent on the competence of the personnel performing it, and thesuitability of the equipment and facilities used. Agencies that meet thecriteri
13、a of Practice D 3740 are generally considered capable of competentand objective testing/sampling/inspection/and the like. Users of this1This classification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D18 on Soiland Rock and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D18.07 on Identificationand Cla
14、ssification of Soils.Current edition approved May 1, 2007. Published June 2007. Originallyapproved in 1984. Last previous edition approved in 2007 as D 4427 92(2007).2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual B
15、ook of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.1*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.standard are c
16、autioned that compliance with Practice D 3740 does not initself assure reliable testing. Reliable testing depends on many factors;Practice D 3740 provides a means of evaluating some of those factors.5. Sample5.1 Representative samples of the peat should be used. Thesize and type of sample required i
17、s dependent on the tests to beperformed and the coarseness and moisture content of the peat.On taking the sample it should be accurately identified andplaced in a sealed container to prevent moisture loss.6. Basis for Classification6.1 Fiber Content:6.1.1 FibricPeat with greater than 67 % fibers.6.1
18、.2 HemicPeat with between 33 % and 67 % fibers.6.1.3 SapricPeat with less than 33 % fibers.NOTE 2These fiber content categories may be related to the widelyused field assessment of the degree of humification (H) developed by VonPost.3Fibric corresponds approximately to H1 H3, hemic to H4 H6,and sapr
19、ic to H7 H10.6.2 Ash Content (as measured by Test Methods D 2974):6.2.1 Low AshPeat with less than 5 % ash.6.2.2 Medium AshPeat with between 5 and 15 % ash.6.2.3 High AshPeat with more than 15 % ash.6.3 Acidity (as measured by Test Method D 2976):6.3.1 Highly AcidicPeat with a pH less than 4.5.6.3.2
20、 Moderately AcidicPeat with a pH between 4.5 and5.56.3.3 Slightly AcidicPeat with a pH greater than 5.5 andless than 7.6.3.4 BasicPeat with a pH equal to or greater than 7.6.4 Absorbency (as measured by Test Method D 2980):6.4.1 Extremely AbsorbentPeat with a water-holding ca-pacity greater than 150
21、0 %.6.4.2 Highly AbsorbentPeat with a water-holding capac-ity between 800 and 1500 %.6.4.3 Moderately AbsorbentPeat with a water-holdingcapacity greater than 300 and less than 800 %.6.4.4 Slightly AbsorbentPeat with a water-holding capac-ity less than or equal to 300 %.6.5 Botanical CompositionIf a
22、botanical designation isrequired, the following rules of naming should be applied:6.5.1 If a single botanical names, or other botanical desig-nation, is used (for example, Sphagnum Peat, Taxodium Peat,Moss Peat, Herbaceous Peat, Woody Peat, etc.), it is requiredthat at least 75 % of the fiber conten
23、t of that peat be derivedfrom the designated type of plant material.6.5.2 If more than one botanical designation is used innaming the peat (for example, Reed-Sedge Peat, Bay-GumPeat, Myrica-Persea-Salix Peat, Spruce-Moss-Sedge Peat,etc.), it is required that at least 75 % of the fiber content of tha
24、tpeat be composed of these types of plants as a group.Furthermore, the order of the plant types in the group nameshould indicate the relative quantity of each type in the peatwith the dominant component appearing last.NOTE 3For peats with less than 33 % fiber (that is, Sapric) it wouldbe advisable t
25、o refrain from using a botanical designation unless asignificant portion of the non-fiber can be identified (for example, algalpeat).7. Example of Use of this System7.1 A peat sample with a fiber content of 55 %, an ashcontent of 8 %, a pH of 4.7, a water-holding capacity of1200 %, and with 70 % of
26、its fibers derived from Sphagnumand 20 % from Carex would be designated a Hemic, MediumAsh, Moderately Acidic, Highly Absorbent, Carex-SphagnumPeat.8. Precision and Bias8.1 PrecisionDue to the nature of the soil or rock mate-rials tested by this method it is either not feasible or too costlyat this
27、time to produce multiple specimens which have uniformphysical properties. Any variation observed in the data is justas likely to be due to specimen variation as to operator orlaboratory testing variation. Subcommittee D18.07 welcomesproposals that would allow for development of a valid preci-sion st
28、atement.8.2 BiasThere is no accepted reference value for this testmethod, therefore, bias cannot be determined.9. Keywords9.1 absorbency; acidity; ash content; botanical composition;classification; fiber content; laboratory testing; peat3Korpijaakko, E. O., and Woolnough, D. F., “Peatland Survey and
29、 Inventory”,Muskeg and the Northern Environment in Canada, University of Toronto Press,1977.D4427072SUMMARY OF CHANGESIn accordance with Committee D18 policy, this section identifies the location of changes to this standard sincethe last edition (D442792(2007) that may impact the use of this standar
30、d.(1) Added Terminology D 653 to Referenced Documents. (2) Added Section 3.1.1.ASTM International takes no position respecting the validity of any patent rights asserted in connection with any item mentionedin this standard. Users of this standard are expressly advised that determination of the vali
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33、not received a fair hearing you shouldmake your views known to the ASTM Committee on Standards, at the address shown below.This standard is copyrighted by ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959,United States. Individual reprints (single or multiple copies) of this standard may be obtained by contacting ASTM at the aboveaddress or at 610-832-9585 (phone), 610-832-9555 (fax), or serviceastm.org (e-mail); or through the ASTM website(www.astm.org).D4427073
