1、Designation: D 4437 08Standard Practice forNon-destructive Testing (NDT) for Determining the Integrityof Seams Used in Joining Flexible Polymeric SheetGeomembranes1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 4437; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforigin
2、al adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This practice is intended for use as a summary ofnondestructive
3、quality control test methods for determining theintegrity of seams used in the joining of flexible sheet materialsin a geotechnical application. This practice outlines the testprocedures available for determining the quality of bondedseams. Any one or combination of the test methods outlined inthis
4、practice can be incorporated into a project specification forquality control. These test methods are applicable to manufac-tured flexible polymeric membrane linings that are scrimreinforced or nonreinforced. This practice is not applicable todestructive testing. For destructive test methods look at
5、otherASTM Standards and Practices.1.2 The types of seams covered by this practice include thefollowing: Thermally Bonded Seams, Hot Air, Hot Wedge (orKnife), Extrusion, Solvent Bonded Seams, Bodied SolventBonded Seams, Adhesive Bonded or Cemented Seams, TapedSeams, Waterproofed Sewn Seams.1.3 The va
6、lues stated in SI units are to be regarded as thestandard. The values given in parentheses are for informationonly. No other units of measurement are included in thisstandard.1.4 This standard may involve hazardous materials, opera-tions, and equipment. This standard does not purport toaddress all o
7、f the safety concerns, if any, associated with itsuse. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard toestablish appropriate safety and health practices and deter-mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D 5641 Practice for Geom
8、embrane Seam Evaluation byVacuum ChamberD 5820 Practice for Pressurized Air Channel Evaluation ofDual Seamed GeomembranesD 6365 Practice for the Nondestructive Testing ofGeomembrane Seams using the Spark TestD 7006 Practice for Ultrasonic Testing of GeomembranesD 7177 Specification for Air Channel E
9、valuation of Polyvi-nyl Chloride (PVC) Dual Track Seamed Geomembranes3. Significance and Use3.1 The use of geomembranes as barrier materials to restrictliquid migration from one location to another in soil and rock,and the large number of seam methods and types used injoining these geomembrane sheet
10、s, has created a need forstandard tests by which the various seams can be compared andthe quality of the seam systems can be non-destructivelyevaluated. This practice is intended to meet such a need.3.2 The geomembrane sheet material shall be formulatedfrom the appropriate polymers and compounding i
11、ngredients toform a plastic or elastomer sheet material that meets allspecified requirements for the end use of the product. The sheetmaterial (reinforced or nonreinforced) shall be capable of beingbonded to itself by one of the methods described in 1.2 inaccordance with the sheet manufacturers reco
12、mmendationsand instructions.4. Nondestructive Test Methods4.1 For all test methods listed below, any and all flaws inseam construction that are detected under a given test proce-dure shall be repaired. All nondestructive test methods listedare not necessarily applicable to all polymeric geomembranem
13、aterials.4.2 Air Lance TestInspect all seams for unbonded areasusing an air nozzle directed on the upper seam edge and surfaceto detect loose edges, riffles indicating unbonded areas withinthe seam, or other undesirable seam conditions. Check allbonded seams using a minimum 50 psi (345 kPa) (gage) a
14、irsupply directed through a316 in. (4.8 mm) (typical) nozzle,held not more than 2 in. (51 mm) from the seam edge anddirected at the seam edge.1This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D35 on Geosyn-thetics and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D35.10 on Geomembranes.Curre
15、nt edition approved April 1, 2008. Published April 2008. Originallyapproved in 1984. Discontinued January 1998 and reinstated as D 443799. Lastprevious edition approved in 1999 as D 443784 (1999).2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at
16、 serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.Copyright by ASTM Intl (all rights reserved); Tue
17、May 20 02:27:35 EDT 2008Downloaded/printed byGuo Dehua (CNIS) pursuant to License Agreement. No further reproductions authorized.4.3 Vacuum Box TestingInspect all seams for unbondedareas by applying a vacuum to a soaped section of seam. Thevacuum shall be applied by a vacuum box equipped with avacuu
18、m gage, a clear glass view panel in the top, and a softrubber gasket on the periphery of the open bottom3. Thor-oughly soap a section of the seam and place the inspection boxover the soaped seam section and the gasket sealed to the liner.Apply a vacuum between 4 and 8 in. (122 and 244 mm) ofmercury
19、(Hg) to the box by use of a gasoline or electric-drivenpower vacuum pump apparatus. The applied vacuum will showbubbles over unbonded areas; the unbonded areas can then bemarked for repair. See Practice D 5641.4.4 Ultrasonic (High Frequency) Pulse Echo TestingTestall non-reinforced seams by passing
20、a high frequency soundwave through the seam overlap to detect discontinuities in thebonded seam. A commercially available frequency generatorcapable of producing frequencies in the range of 5 to 15 MHzshall be used. The contact send/receive transducer head shall bethe width of the bonded seam width
21、and shall be capable ofbeing moved at the rate of 5 to 7 ft/min (1.5 to 2.1 m/min)along the surface length of the seam area. The transducer headshall be so designed as to give continuous surface to surfacethickness measurements once calibrated. Assure good contactof the test head with the lining sur
22、face by providing acontinuous contact medium (water) at the interface betweentest head and lining. The ultrasonic signal shall be capable ofbeing viewed on a monitor and capable of triggering an audiblealarm when a discontinuity is detected. Discontinuities shall bemarked after detection. See Practi
23、ce D 7006.4.5 Mechanical Point StressingThis test method shall beused as a qualitative measure of edge bonding. A bluntinstrument (for example, a screwdriver) shall be run along theedge of the seam to find obvious unbonded areas. Theprocedure shall not puncture or otherwise damage the sheetmaterial.
24、 Perform point stressing only after the seam has hadsufficient time to cure in accordance with manufacturersdirections. This test method is not applicable to all materials,especially those that are easily punctured.4.6 Pressurized Air Channel Evaluation of Dual SeamGeomembranes This test is applicab
25、le to dual track seamsseparated by an unwelded air channel. See Practice D 5820.See Specification D 7177 for PVC Geomembranes4.7 Spark TestThis test is applicable to seams made byextrusion method or seams where is is practical to insert aconductive material in the seam just prior to or duringfabrica
26、tion. See Practice D 6365.5. Report5.1 The report shall include the following:5.1.1 Complete identification of geomembrane system, in-cluding type of polymer, source, thickness, reinforced ornonreinforced sheeting,5.1.2 Complete identification of seaming system used, in-cluding material, method, tem
27、peratures, seam width, cure time,and date of fabrication of seams,5.1.3 Quality control test or tests used as outlined in thispractice,5.1.4 The type of nondestructive test and number of appar-ent failures and repairs per 100 ft (30.5 m) of seam.6. Precision and Bias6.1 No statement is made about ei
28、ther the precision or biasof this practice since it merely refers to available nondestruc-tive methods which could be used in determining the quality ofbonded seams.ASTM International takes no position respecting the validity of any patent rights asserted in connection with any item mentionedin this
29、 standard. Users of this standard are expressly advised that determination of the validity of any such patent rights, and the riskof infringement of such rights, are entirely their own responsibility.This standard is subject to revision at any time by the responsible technical committee and must be
30、reviewed every five years andif not revised, either reapproved or withdrawn. Your comments are invited either for revision of this standard or for additional standardsand should be addressed to ASTM International Headquarters. Your comments will receive careful consideration at a meeting of therespo
31、nsible technical committee, which you may attend. If you feel that your comments have not received a fair hearing you shouldmake your views known to the ASTM Committee on Standards, at the address shown below.This standard is copyrighted by ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, Wes
32、t Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959,United States. Individual reprints (single or multiple copies) of this standard may be obtained by contacting ASTM at the aboveaddress or at 610-832-9585 (phone), 610-832-9555 (fax), or serviceastm.org (e-mail); or through the ASTM website(www.astm.org).3A vacuum box si
33、milar to the Series A 100 Straight Seam Tester as supplied bythe American Parts and Service Company, 2201 West Commonwealth Avenue, P.O.Box 702, Alhambra, CA 91802 has been found satisfactory.D4437082Copyright by ASTM Intl (all rights reserved); Tue May 20 02:27:35 EDT 2008Downloaded/printed byGuo Dehua (CNIS) pursuant to License Agreement. No further reproductions authorized.
