1、Designation: D 4439 04Standard Terminology forGeosynthetics1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 4439; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates th
2、e year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.absorption, nthe process by which a liquid is drawn into andtends to fill permeable pores in a porous solid body, also, theincrease in mass of a porous solid body resulting frompen
3、etration of a liquid into its permeable pores. C 125aerobic, na condition in which a measurable volume of airis present in the incubation chamber or system. D 1987anaerobic, na condition in which no measurable volume ofair is present in the incubation chamber or system. D 1987apparent opening size (
4、AOS), O95, nfor a geotextile, aproperty which indicates the approximate largest particlethat would effectively pass through the geotextile. D 4751atmosphere for testing geosynthetics, nair maintained at arelative humidity between 50 to 70 % and a temperature of21 6 2C (70 6 4F). D 4439, D 4751, D 54
5、94back flushing, na process by which liquid is forced in thereverse direction to the flow direction. D 1987basis weightdeprecated term (do not use in the sense ofmass per unit area). D 4439bend, vtin mechanics, to force an object from its natural ormanufactured shape into a curve or into increased c
6、urvature.D 4439blinding, nfor geotextiles, the condition where soil particlesblock the surface openings of the fabric, thereby reducingthe hydraulic conductivity of the system. D 4439biocide, na chemical used to kill bacteria and other micro-organisms. D 1987breaking force, (F), J, nthe force at fai
7、lure. D 4885breaking load, nthe maximum force applied to a specimenin a tensile test carried to rupture. D 4632breaking toughness, T, (FL1), Jm2, nfor geotextiles, theactual work-to-break per unit surface area of material.D 4595, D 4885chemical resistance, nthe ability to resist chemical attack.D 53
8、22clogging, nfor geotextiles, the condition where soil particlesmove into and are retained in the openings of the fabric,thereby reducing the hydraulic conductivity. D 4439clogging potential, nin geotextiles, the tendency for a givengeotextile to decrease permeability due to soil particles thathave
9、either lodged in the geotextile openings or have built upa restrictive layer on the surface of the geotextile. D 5101compressed thickness (t, (L), mm), nthickness under aspecified stress applied normal to the material. D 4439constant-rate-of-load tensile testing machine (CRL), natesting machine in w
10、hich the rate of increase of the loadbeing applied to the specimen is uniform with time after thefirst 3 s. D 4439corresponding force, nsynonym for force at specifiedelongation. D 4885coupon, na portion of a material or laboratory sample fromwhich multiple specimens can be taken for testing. D 5747c
11、reep, nthe time-dependent increase in accumulative strainin a material resulting from an applied constant force.D 5262critical height (ch), nthe maximum exposed height of acone or pyramid that will not cause a puncture failure of ageosynthetic at a specified hydrostatic pressure for a givenperiod of
12、 time. D 5514cross-machine direction, nthe direction in the plane of thefabric perpendicular to the direction of manufacture.D 4632density (r, (ML3), kg/m3), nmass per unit volume.D 4439design loadthe load at which the geosynthetic is required tooperate in order to perform its intended function. D 5
13、262elastic limit, nin mechanics, the stress intensity at whichstress and deformation of a material subjected to an increas-ing force cease to be proportional; the limit of stress withinwhich a material will return to its original size and shapewhen the force is removed, and hence, not a permanent se
14、t.D 4885elongation at break, nthe elongation corresponding to thebreaking load, that is, the maximum load. D 4632failure, nan arbitrary point beyond which a material ceasesto be functionally capable of its intended use. D 4885,D 5262failure, nin testing geosynthetics, water or air pressure in thetes
15、t vessel at failure of the geosynthetic. D 5514flexible polypropylene, na material having a 2 % secantmodulus of less than 300 MPa (40,000 psi) as determined by1This terminology is under the jurisdiction of D35 on Geosynthetics and is thedirect responsibility of Subcommittee D35.93 on Editorial and
16、Terminology.Current edition approved June 1, 2004. PublishedJuly 2004. Originally approvedin 1984. Last previous edition approved in 2002 as D 4439 02.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.Test Method D 5323 produced by pol
17、ymerization of propy-lene with or without other alpha olefin monomers.field testing, ntesting performed in the field under actualconditions of temperature and exposure to the fluids forwhich the immersion testing is being performed. D 5496filldeprecated term, see filling.filling, nyarn running from
18、selvage to selvage at right anglesto the warp in a woven fabric. D 4439force at specific elongation, FASE, nthe force associatedwith a specific elongation on the force-elongation curve.D 4439force-elongation curve, nin a tensile test, a graphicalrepresentation of the relationship between the magnitu
19、de ofan externally applied force and the change in length of thespecimen in the direction of the applied force. (Synonym forstress-strain curve.) D 4885geocomposite, na product composed of two or more mate-rials, at least one of which is a geosynthetic.geofoam, nblock or planar rigid cellular foamed
20、 polymericmaterial used in geotechnical engineering applications.geogrid, na geosynthetic formed by a regular network ofintegrally connected elements with apertures greater than6.35 mm (14 in.) to allow interlocking with surrounding soil,rock, earth, and other surrounding materials to functionprimar
21、ily as reinforcement. D 5262geonet, na geosynthetic consisting of integrally connectedparallel sets of ribs overlying similar sets at various anglesfor planar drainage of liquids or gases. D 4439geomembrane, nan essentially impermeable geosyntheticcomposed of one or more synthetic sheets. D 4439,D 4
22、873, D 4885, D 5994, D 5820geosynthetic, na planar product manufactured from poly-meric material used with soil, rock, earth, or other geotech-nical engineering related material as an integral part of aman-made project, structure, or system. D 4354, D 4759,D 4873, D 5617, D 5818geosynthetic clay lin
23、er, na manufactured hydraulic barrierconsisting of clay bonded to a layer or layers of geosyntheticmaterials.geotechnical engineering, nthe engineering application ofgeotechnics. D 4439, D 4595geotechnics, nthe application of scientific methods andengineering principles to the acquisition, interpret
24、ation, anduse of knowledge of materials of the earths crust to thesolution of engineering problems. D 4439, D 4491,D 4595, D 4716, D 4751geotextile, na permeable geosynthetic comprised solely oftextiles.DISCUSSIONGeotextiles perform several functions in geotechnicalengineering applications, includin
25、g: separation; filtration; drainage;reinforcement; and protection. D 1987, D 4439, D 5594grab test, nin fabric testing, a tension test in which only apart of the width of the specimen is gripped in the clamps.D 4632gradient ratio, nin geotextiles, the ratio of the hydraulicgradient through a soil-ge
26、otextile system to the hydraulicgradient through the soil alone. D 5101gravity flow, nflow in a direction parallel to the plane of ageotextile or related product driven predominately by adifference in elevation between the inlet and outflow pointsof a specimen. D 4716head, npressure at a point in a
27、liquid, expressed in terms ofthe vertical distance of the point below the surface of theliquid. D 4716hydraulic conductivity (k), nthe rate of discharge of waterunder laminar flow conditions through a unit cross-sectionalarea of a porous medium under a unit hydraulic gradient andstandard temperature
28、 conditions (20C). D 5567hydraulic conductivity ratio (HCR), nthe ratio of thehydraulic conductivty of the soil/geotextile system, ksg,atany time during the test, to the initial hydraulic conductivity,ksgo, measured at the beginning of the test (new).hydraulic gradient, i, s (D)the loss of hydraulic
29、 head perunit distance of flow, dH/dL. D 5101hydraulic transmissivity, u (L2T1), nfor a geotextile orrelated product, the volumetric flow rate of water per unitwidth of specimen per unit gradient in a direction parallel tothe plane of the specimen. D 4716hydrostatic pressure, na state of stress in w
30、hich all theprincipal stresses are equal (and there is no shear stress), asin a liquid at rest; induced artificially by means of a gagedpressure system; the product of the unit weight of the liquidand the difference in elevation between the given point andthe free water elevation. D 5514index test,
31、na test procedure which may contain a knownbias but which may be used to establish an order for a set ofspecimens with respect to the property of interest. D 4833,D 4885inflection point, nthe first point of the force-elongationcurve at which the second derivative equals zero. D 4885initial tensile m
32、odulus, Jp(FL1), Nm1, nfor geosynthet-ics, the ratio of the change in force per unit width to thechange in elongation of the initial portion of a force-elongation curve. D 4885in-plane flow, nfluid flow confined to a direction parallel tothe plane of a geotextile or related product. D 4716integral,
33、adjin geosynthetics, forming a necessary part of thewhole; constituent. D 4439laboratory sample, na portion of material taken to representthe lot sample, or the original material, and used in thelaboratory as a source of test specimens. D 4354laminar flow, nflow in which the head loss is proportiona
34、l tothe first power of the velocity. D 4716linear density, nmass per unit length; the quotient obtainedby dividing the mass of a fiber or yarn by its length.lot, na unit of production, or a group of other units orpackages, taken for sampling or statistical examination,having one or more common prope
35、rties and being readilyseparable from other similar units. D 4354D4439042lot sample, none or more shipping units taken at random torepresent an acceptance sampling lot and used as a source oflaboratory samples. D 4354minimum average roll value (MARV), nfor geosynthetics,a manufacturing quality contr
36、ol tool used to allow manufac-turers to establish published values such that the user/purchaser will have a 97.7% confidence that the property inquestion will meet published values. For normally distrib-uted data, “MARV” is calculated as the typical value minustwo (2) standard deviations from docume
37、nted quality controltest results for a defined population from one specific testmethod associated with one specific property.DISCUSSIONMARV is applicable to a geosynthetics intrinsic physi-cal properties such as weight, thickness, and strength. MARV may notbe appropriate for some hydraulic, performa
38、nce or durability proper-ties.minimum test value, nfor geosynthetics, the lowest samplevalue from documented manufacturing quality control testresults for a defined population from one test methodassociated with one specific property.machine direction, nthe direction in the plane of the fabricparall
39、el to the direction of manufacture. D 4632modulus of elasticity, MPa (FL2), nthe ratio of stress(nominal) to corresponding strain below the proportionallimit of a material, expressed in force per unit area, such asmegapascals (pounds-force per square inch). D 5323multi-axial tension, nstress in more
40、 than one direction.D 5617nominal , nrepresentative value of a measurable propertydetermined under a set of conditions, by which a productmay be described.nominal value, nrepresentative value of a measurable prop-erty by which a product may be described D 4439normal direction, nfor geotextiles, the
41、direction perpen-dicular to the plane of a geotextile. D 4439normal stress, (FL2), nthe component of applied stress thatis perpendicular to the surface on which the force acts.D 4439offset modulus, Jo, (FL1), Nm1, nfor geosynthetics, theratio of the change in force per unit width to the change inelo
42、ngation below an arbitrary offset point at which there is aproportional relationship between force and elongation, andabove the inflection point on the force-elongation curve.D 4885performance property, na result obtained by conducting aperformance test. D 5141performance test, na test which simulat
43、es in the laboratoryas closely as practicable selected conditions experienced inthe field and which can be used in design. (Synonym fordesign test.) D 4885performance test, nin geosynthetics, a laboratory procedurewhich simulates selected field conditions which can be usedin design. D 5141permeabili
44、ty, nthe rate of flow of a liquid under a differen-tial pressure through a material. D 1987, D 4491permeability, nof geotextiles, hydraulic conductivity.D 4491permeation, nthe transmissioin of a fluid through a porousmedium (NEW).permittivity, (C), (T1), nof geotextiles, the volumetric flowrate of w
45、ater per unit cross sectional area per unit head underlaminar flow conditions, in the normal direction through ageotextile. D 1987, D 4491pore volume of flow (Vpq), nthe cumulative volume of flowthrough a test specimen divided by the volume of voidswithin the specimen. D 5567pre-fabricated vertical
46、drain (PVD), na geocompositeconsisting of geotextile cover and drainage core installedvertically into soil to provide drainage for acceleratingconsolidation of soils.DISCUSSIONAlso known as band or wick drain.pressure flow, nflow in a direction parallel to the plane of ageotextile or related product
47、 driven predominately by adifferential fluid pressure. D 4716primary sampling unit, nthe sampling unit containing allthe sources of variability which should be considered inacceptance testing; the sampling unit taken in first stage ofselection in any procedure for sampling a lot or shipment.D 4354pr
48、oduction unitas referred to in this practice, is a quantityof geotextile agreed upon by the purchaser and seller for thepurpose of sampling. D 4354proportional limit, nthe greatest stress which a material iscapable of sustaining without any deviation from proportion-ality of stress to strain (Hookes
49、 law). D 4595puncture resistance, (F), nthe inherent resisting mechanismof the test specimen to the failure by a penetrating orpuncturing object. D 4833quality assurance, nall those planned or systematic actionsnecessary to provide adequate confidence that a material,product, system, or service will satisfy given needs.D 4354quality control, nthe operational techniques and the activi-ties which sustain a quality of material, product, system, orservice that will satisfy given n
