1、Designation: D4439 11Standard Terminology forGeosynthetics1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D4439; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the
2、year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.absorption, nthe process by which a liquid is drawn into andtends to fill permeable pores in a porous solid body, also, theincrease in mass of a porous solid body resulting frompenetr
3、ation of a liquid into its permeable pores. C125aerobic, na condition in which a measurable volume of airis present in the incubation chamber or system. D1987anaerobic, na condition in which no measurable volume ofair is present in the incubation chamber or system. D1987apparent opening size (AOS),
4、O95, nfor a geotextile, aproperty which indicates the approximate largest particlethat would effectively pass through the geotextile. D4751atmosphere for testing geosynthetics, nair maintained at arelative humidity between 50 to 70 % and a temperature of21 6 2C (70 6 4F). D4439, D4751, D5494back flu
5、shing, na process by which liquid is forced in thereverse direction to the flow direction. D1987basis weightdeprecated term (do not use in the sense ofmass per unit area). D4439bend, vtin mechanics, to force an object from its natural ormanufactured shape into a curve or into increased curvature.D44
6、39blinding, nfor geotextiles, the condition where soil particlesblock the surface openings of the fabric, thereby reducingthe hydraulic conductivity of the system. D4439biocide, na chemical used to kill bacteria and other micro-organisms. D1987breaking force, (F), J, nthe force at failure. D4885brea
7、king load, nthe maximum force applied to a specimenin a tensile test carried to rupture. D4632breaking toughness, T, (FL1), Jm2, nfor geotextiles, theactual work-to-break per unit surface area of material.D4595, D4885chemical resistance, nthe ability to resist chemical attack.D5322clogging, nfor geo
8、textiles, the condition where soil particlesmove into and are retained in the openings of the fabric,thereby reducing the hydraulic conductivity. D4439clogging potential, nin geotextiles, the tendency for a givengeotextile to decrease permeability due to soil particles thathave either lodged in the
9、geotextile openings or have built upa restrictive layer on the surface of the geotextile. D5101compressed thickness (t, (L), mm), nthickness under aspecified stress applied normal to the material. D4439constant-rate-of-load tensile testing machine (CRL), natesting machine in which the rate of increa
10、se of the loadbeing applied to the specimen is uniform with time after thefirst 3 s. D4439corresponding force, nsynonym for force at specifiedelongation. D4885coupon, na portion of a material or laboratory sample fromwhich multiple specimens can be taken for testing. D5747creep, nthe time-dependent
11、increase in accumulative strainin a material resulting from an applied constant force.D5262critical height (ch), nthe maximum exposed height of acone or pyramid that will not cause a puncture failure of ageosynthetic at a specified hydrostatic pressure for a givenperiod of time. D5514cross-machine d
12、irection, nthe direction in the plane of thefabric perpendicular to the direction of manufacture.D4632density (r, (ML3), kg/m3), nmass per unit volume.D4439design loadthe load at which the geosynthetic is required tooperate in order to perform its intended function. D5262elastic limit, nin mechanics
13、, the stress intensity at whichstress and deformation of a material subjected to an increas-ing force cease to be proportional; the limit of stress withinwhich a material will return to its original size and shapewhen the force is removed, and hence, not a permanent set.D4885elongation at break, nth
14、e elongation corresponding to thebreaking load, that is, the maximum load. D4632failure, nan arbitrary point beyond which a material ceasesto be functionally capable of its intended use. D4885,D5262failure, nin testing geosynthetics, water or air pressure in thetest vessel at failure of the geosynth
15、etic. D5514flexible polypropylene, na material having a 2 % secantmodulus of less than 300 MPa (40,000 psi) as determined by1This terminology is under the jurisdiction of D35on Geosynthetics and is thedirect responsibility of D35.93 on Editorial and Terminology.Current edition approved Oct. 1, 2011
16、Published October 2011. Originallyapproved in 1984. Last previous edition approved in 2004 as D4439 04. DOI:10.1520/D4439-11.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.Test Method D5323 produced by polymerization of propyl-ene w
17、ith or without other alpha olefin monomers.field testing, ntesting performed in the field under actualconditions of temperature and exposure to the fluids forwhich the immersion testing is being performed. D5496filldeprecated term, see filling.filling, nyarn running from selvage to selvage at right
18、anglesto the warp in a woven fabric. D4439force at specific elongation, FASE, nthe force associatedwith a specific elongation on the force-elongation curve.D4439force-elongation curve, nin a tensile test, a graphicalrepresentation of the relationship between the magnitude ofan externally applied for
19、ce and the change in length of thespecimen in the direction of the applied force. (Synonym forstress-strain curve.) D4885geocomposite, na product composed of two or more mate-rials, at least one of which is a geosynthetic.geofoam, nblock or planar rigid cellular foamed polymericmaterial used in geot
20、echnical engineering applications.geogrid, na geosynthetic formed by a regular network ofintegrally connected elements with apertures greater than6.35 mm (14 in.) to allow interlocking with surrounding soil,rock, earth, and other surrounding materials to functionprimarily as reinforcement. D5262geon
21、et, na geosynthetic consisting of integrally connectedparallel sets of ribs overlying similar sets at various anglesfor planar drainage of liquids or gases. D4439geomembrane, nan essentially impermeable geosyntheticcomposed of one or more synthetic sheets. D4439,D4873, D4885, D5994, D5820geosyntheti
22、c, na planar product manufactured from poly-meric material used with soil, rock, earth, or other geotech-nical engineering related material as an integral part of aman-made project, structure, or system. D4354, D4759,D4873, D5617, D5818geosynthetic clay liner, na manufactured hydraulic barrierconsis
23、ting of clay bonded to a layer or layers of geosyntheticmaterials.geotechnical engineering, nthe engineering application ofgeotechnics. D4439, D4595geotechnics, nthe application of scientific methods andengineering principles to the acquisition, interpretation, anduse of knowledge of materials of th
24、e earths crust to thesolution of engineering problems. D4439, D4491, D4595,D4716, D4751geotextile, na permeable geosynthetic comprised solely oftextiles.DISCUSSIONGeotextiles perform several functions in geotechnicalengineering applications, including: separation; filtration; drainage;reinforcement;
25、 and protection. D1987, D4439, D5594grab test, nin fabric testing, a tension test in which only apart of the width of the specimen is gripped in the clamps.D4632gradient ratio, nin geotextiles, the ratio of the hydraulicgradient through a soil-geotextile system to the hydraulicgradient through the s
26、oil alone. D5101gravity flow, nflow in a direction parallel to the plane of ageotextile or related product driven predominately by adifference in elevation between the inlet and outflow pointsof a specimen. D4716head, npressure at a point in a liquid, expressed in terms ofthe vertical distance of th
27、e point below the surface of theliquid. D4716hydraulic conductivity (k), nthe rate of discharge of waterunder laminar flow conditions through a unit cross-sectionalarea of a porous medium under a unit hydraulic gradient andstandard temperature conditions (20C). D5567hydraulic conductivity ratio (HCR
28、), nthe ratio of thehydraulic conductivty of the soil/geotextile system, ksg,atany time during the test, to the initial hydraulic conductivity,ksgo, measured at the beginning of the test (new).hydraulic gradient, i, s (D)the loss of hydraulic head perunit distance of flow, dH/dL. D5101hydraulic tran
29、smissivity, u (L2T1), nfor a geotextile orrelated product, the volumetric flow rate of water per unitwidth of specimen per unit gradient in a direction parallel tothe plane of the specimen. D4716hydrostatic pressure, na state of stress in which all theprincipal stresses are equal (and there is no sh
30、ear stress), asin a liquid at rest; induced artificially by means of a gagedpressure system; the product of the unit weight of the liquidand the difference in elevation between the given point andthe free water elevation. D5514index test, na test procedure which may contain a knownbias but which may
31、 be used to establish an order for a set ofspecimens with respect to the property of interest. D4833,D4885inflection point, nthe first point of the force-elongationcurve at which the second derivative equals zero. D4885initial tensile modulus, Jp(FL1), Nm1, nfor geosynthet-ics, the ratio of the chan
32、ge in force per unit width to thechange in elongation of the initial portion of a force-elongation curve. D4885in-plane flow, nfluid flow confined to a direction parallel tothe plane of a geotextile or related product. D4716integral, adjin geosynthetics, forming a necessary part of thewhole; constit
33、uent. D4439laboratory sample, na portion of material taken to representthe lot sample, or the original material, and used in thelaboratory as a source of test specimens. D4354laminar flow, nflow in which the head loss is proportional tothe first power of the velocity. D4716linear density, nmass per
34、unit length; the quotient obtainedby dividing the mass of a fiber or yarn by its length.lot, na unit of production, or a group of other units orpackages, taken for sampling or statistical examination,having one or more common properties and being readilyseparable from other similar units. D4354D4439
35、 112lot sample, none or more shipping units taken at random torepresent an acceptance sampling lot and used as a source oflaboratory samples. D4354minimum average roll value (MARV), nfor geosynthetics,a manufacturing quality control tool used to allow manufac-turers to establish published values suc
36、h that the user/purchaser will have a 97.7% confidence that the property inquestion will meet published values. For normally distrib-uted data, “MARV” is calculated as the typical value minustwo (2) standard deviations from documented quality controltest results for a defined population from one spe
37、cific testmethod associated with one specific property.DISCUSSIONMARV is applicable to a geosynthetics intrinsic physi-cal properties such as weight, thickness, and strength. MARV may notbe appropriate for some hydraulic, performance or durability proper-ties.minimum test value, nfor geosynthetics,
38、the lowest samplevalue from documented manufacturing quality control testresults for a defined population from one test methodassociated with one specific property.machine direction, nthe direction in the plane of the fabricparallel to the direction of manufacture. D4632modulus of elasticity, MPa (F
39、L2), nthe ratio of stress(nominal) to corresponding strain below the proportionallimit of a material, expressed in force per unit area, such asmegapascals (pounds-force per square inch). D5323multi-axial tension, nstress in more than one direction.D5617nominal , nrepresentative value of a measurable
40、 propertydetermined under a set of conditions, by which a productmay be described.nominal value, nrepresentative value of a measurable prop-erty by which a product may be described D4439normal direction, nfor geotextiles, the direction perpen-dicular to the plane of a geotextile. D4439normal stress,
41、 (FL2), nthe component of applied stress thatis perpendicular to the surface on which the force acts.D4439offset modulus, Jo, (FL1), Nm1, nfor geosynthetics, theratio of the change in force per unit width to the change inelongation below an arbitrary offset point at which there is aproportional rela
42、tionship between force and elongation, andabove the inflection point on the force-elongation curve.D4885performance property, na result obtained by conducting aperformance test. D5141performance test, na test which simulates in the laboratoryas closely as practicable selected conditions experienced
43、inthe field and which can be used in design. (Synonym fordesign test.) D4885performance test, nin geosynthetics, a laboratory procedurewhich simulates selected field conditions which can be usedin design. D5141permeability, nthe rate of flow of a liquid under a differen-tial pressure through a mater
44、ial. D1987, D4491permeability, nof geotextiles, hydraulic conductivity.D4491permeation, nthe transmissioin of a fluid through a porousmedium (NEW).permittivity, (C), (T1), nof geotextiles, the volumetric flowrate of water per unit cross sectional area per unit head underlaminar flow conditions, in t
45、he normal direction through ageotextile. D1987, D4491pore volume of flow (Vpq), nthe cumulative volume of flowthrough a test specimen divided by the volume of voidswithin the specimen. D5567pre-fabricated vertical drain (PVD), na geocompositeconsisting of geotextile cover and drainage core installed
46、vertically into soil to provide drainage for acceleratingconsolidation of soils.DISCUSSIONAlso known as band or wick drain.pressure flow, nflow in a direction parallel to the plane of ageotextile or related product driven predominately by adifferential fluid pressure. D4716primary sampling unit, nth
47、e sampling unit containing allthe sources of variability which should be considered inacceptance testing; the sampling unit taken in first stage ofselection in any procedure for sampling a lot or shipment.D4354production unitas referred to in this practice, is a quantityof geotextile agreed upon by
48、the purchaser and seller for thepurpose of sampling. D4354proportional limit, nthe greatest stress which a material iscapable of sustaining without any deviation from proportion-ality of stress to strain (Hookes law). D4595puncture resistance, (F), nthe inherent resisting mechanismof the test specim
49、en to the failure by a penetrating orpuncturing object. D4833quality assurance, nall those planned or systematic actionsnecessary to provide adequate confidence that a material,product, system, or service will satisfy given needs.D4354quality control, nthe operational techniques and the activi-ties which sustain a quality of material, product, system, orservice that will satisfy given needs; also the use of suchtechniques and activities. D4354rate of creep, nthe slope of th
