1、Designation: D4447 10D4447 15Standard Guide forDisposal of Laboratory Chemicals and Samples1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D4447; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A num
2、ber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This guide is intended to provide the chemical laboratory manager manager, chemical laboratory safety officer, and otherrelevant staff wit
3、h guidelines for the disposal of small quantities of laboratory wastes safely and in an environmentally soundmanner. This guide is applicable to laboratories that generate small quantities of chemical or toxic wastes. Generally, such tasksinclude, but are not limited to, analytical chemistry, proces
4、s control, and research or life science laboratories. It would beimpossible to address the disposal of all waste from all types of laboratories. This guide is intended to address the more commonlaboratory waste streams.1.2 This guide is primarily intended to support compliance with environmental law
5、s in the United States of America. America;however, the information contained herein can be useful to laboratories in other geopolitical jurisdictions. Some of these lawsprovide for states to take over regulation of air quality or natural water quality with the approval of the Environmental Protecti
6、onAgency (EPA). Other matters, such as laboratory waste tracking, disposal as household garbage and use of sewers, are handledat the state, local or provider level throughout the country. Examples of providers are air scrubber services, municipal sewersystems, municipal and private garbage services,
7、 and treatment, storage or disposal facilities (TSD). Go to the EPA home page,click Wastes Regions/States/Tribes States to get help locating state regulations. Unfortunately, it is not possible for any onesource to provide all the information necessary for laboratories to comply with all regulations
8、.To ensure compliance, the laboratorymanager must communicate with regulators at all four levels.1.3 Though it would be convenient to cite each reference by its Universal Resource Locator (URL), this guide eschews that(because such references are too labile) with the exception of http:/www.epa.gov f
9、or the United States Environmental ProtectionAgency, http:/www.dot.gov or http:/www.hazmat.dot.gov for the United States Department of Transportation, and http:/thomas.loc.gov to follow pending federal legislation in the United States. Intra-site links suggested here are also subject toobsolescence.
10、 However, one can enter in the web site search box the title of the document cited to locate it.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibilityof the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health p
11、ractices and determine the applicability of regulatorylimitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 Department of Transportation Regulations:249 CFR 172 Hazardous Materials Tables and Hazardous Materials Communications Regulations49 CFR 172.203 DOT Hazardous Materials Table, Additional Descrip
12、tion Requirements49 CFR 173 ShippersGeneral Requirements for Shipments and Packagings49 CFR 173.12(b) DOT Shippers General Requirements for Shipments and Packagings. Exceptions for shipment of wastematerials: Lab packs49 CFR 178 Shipping Container Specifications49 CFR 179 Specifications for Tank Car
13、s2.2 EPA Regulations:340 CFR 261 Protection of Environment. Identification and Listing of Hazardous Waste (includes 261.2, Definition of solid waste40 CFR 261.3 Definition of Hazardous Waste1 This guide is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D34 on Waste Management and is the direct responsibil
14、ity of Subcommittee D34.01.01 on Planning forSampling.Current edition approved Dec. 1, 2010Nov. 1, 2015. Published January 2011December 2015. Originally approved in 1984. Last previous edition approved in 20062010as D4447 06.D4447 10 DOI: 10.1520/D4447-10.10.1520/D4447-152 Available from PHMSA, U.S.
15、 Department of Transportation, 400 7th Street, SW, Washington, DC 20590; http:/hazmat.dot.gov/regs/rules.htm3 Available from United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), Ariel Rios Bldg., 1200 Pennsylvania Ave., NW, Washington, DC 20460; http:/www.epa.gov/epahome/lawregs.htmThis document is
16、not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Becauseit may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropri
17、ate. In all cases only the current versionof the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States140 CFR 261.33 Discarded Commercial Chemical Products, Off-Specifi
18、cations Species, Container Residues, and ResiduesThereof40 CFR 261.5 Special Requirements for Hazardous Waste Generated by Small Quantity Generators40 CFR 262.34 RCRA Standards Applicable to Generators of Hazardous Waste. Accumulation Time40 CFR 262.40 EPA Standards Applicable to Generators of Hazar
19、dous Waste. Recordkeeping and Reporting: Recordkeeping.40 CFR 262.42(b) EPA Standards Applicable to Generators of Hazardous Waste. Recordkeeping and Reporting: Exceptionreporting.40 CFR 262.44 EPA Standards Applicable to Generators of Hazardous Waste. Recordkeeping and Reporting: Specialrequirements
20、 for generators of between 100 and 1000 kg/mo40 CFR 262.100-108 EPA Standards Applicable to Generators of Hazardous Waste. University Laboratories XL ProjectLaboratory Environmental Management Standard, Subpart J, and 52380 Federal Register/Vol 64, No. 187/Tuesday, September28, 1999/Rules and Regula
21、tions; Project XL Site-specific Rulemaking for University Laboratories at the University ofMassachusetts, Boston, MA, the Boston College, Chestnut Hill, MA, and the University of Vermont, Burlington, VT;Hazardous Waste Management System, EPA Final Rule40 CFR 265.16 RCRA Hazardous Waste Training40 CF
22、R 403.5 EPA General Pretreatment Regulations for Existing and New Sources of Pollution. National pretreatmentstandards: Prohibited discharges.40 CFR 761 Polychlorinated Biphenyls (PCB) Manufacturing, Processing, Distribution in Commerce, and Use Prohibitions29 CFR 1910.1450 Occupational Exposure to
23、Hazardous Chemicals in Laboratories2.3 Not-for-profit Institutions:4Managing Hazardous Wastes: HHMI Collaborative Project, Howard Hughes Medical Institute3. Summary of Guide3.1 The necessary classification of the waste for shipping and manifesting is addressed both by their common or genericchemical
24、 name.3.2 Types of wastes are listed and defined in a manner necessary to segregate them for recovery, pretreatment, or disposal.3.3 Procedures are not for recovery of the materials, or to render them non-hazardous and amenable to municipal landfill orin-house disposal, or to prepare them for dispos
25、al in an authorized chemical waste disposal site, but some sources for minimizationactivities are included.3.4 Various methods of disposal are discussed.3.5 Each type of waste is designated a specific recovery or pretreatment and disposal method. In most cases, disposalalternatives are offered.4. Si
26、gnificance and Use4.1 “Stand-alone” laboratories rarely generate or handle large volumes of hazardous substances. However, the safe handling anddisposal of these substances is still a matter of concern. Since the promulgation of the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act(RCRA) of 1976, more attentio
27、n has been given to the proper handling and disposal of such materials. States may adopt morestringent requirements; information on this may be found along the path EPA Home Wastes Regions/States/Tribes RCRAState Authorization Data, Charts and Graphs (STATS) State/Regional. To keep track of this, EP
28、A classifies state regulatorylanguage as (1) authorized, (2) procedural/enforcement, (3) broader in scope, and (4) unauthorized, and it publishes noticesconcerning the first three in the Federal Register.4.2 Laboratory management should designate an individual who will be responsible for waste dispo
29、sal and must review theRCRA guidelines, in particular:40 CFR 261.3 - definition of a hazardous waste,40 CFR 261.33 -specific substances listed as hazardous,40 CFR 262 - generator requirements and exclusions, and proper shipping and manifesting procedures.4.3 Because many laboratory employees could b
30、e involved in the proper (and improper) treatment and disposal of laboratorychemicals and samples, it is suggestedrecommended that a safety and training program be designed and presented to all regardingprocedures to follow in the treatment and disposal of designated laboratory wastes and wastes. Th
31、is recommendation is requiredin the United States by the EPA (40 CFR 265.16). For those who pack and ship, Hazardous Materials Shipper training is alsorequired by DOT (49 CFR 172.203).54 Howard Hughes Medical Institute, 4000 Jones Bridge Road, Chevy Chase, MD 208156789, (301) 2158500.5 Where personn
32、el changes have left a lab with potentially hazardous materials and no expertise in their safe handling and disposal, a Web search for the name of thematerial and “MSDS”“SDS” will often provide a materials safety data sheet with basic information.Also helpful is Hazardous Technical Information Servi
33、ces of the DefenseLogistics Agency, (800) 848-4847. For infectious agents, see Ref (5) in Recommended Reading at the end of this standard or call Centers for Disease Control at (404)639-3311.D4447 1524.4 If practical and economically feasible, it is, of course, is recommended that all laboratory was
34、te be either recovered, re-used,or disposed of in-house. However, should this not be the case, other alternatives are presented. This guide is intended only as asuggested organized method for classification, segregation, and disposal of chemical laboratory waste. A university can set up itsown chemi
35、cal distributor to take orders from departments, order in economical quantities, sell at prorated bulk price plus expenses,and take back what is unused. For an example of a university central facility for minimizing over-ordering, storing chemicalpackages between uses, and disposing of hazardous was
36、tes, see the web site of the University of Vermont, especially Procedure12: Laboratory Waste Pickup and RCRA Hazardous Waste Determination.4.5 The handling of laboratory samples, especially those received in large numbers or quantities from a specific source, canoften be accommodated by returning th
37、e material to the originator, so he can account or process them, or both, and potentiallycombine them for processing and potentially combining with larger quantities of the same material for recycling or disposal.Shipments of hazardous waste, including samples, are subject to RCRA regulations that d
38、o not apply to shipments of what issimilar but not waste-like. A sample that was not a waste as received, and has not been contaminated or labeled as waste, neednot be a waste when it is returned.4.6 The small quantity generator exclusion (40 CFR 261.5) applies to some laboratories (those which gene
39、rate less than 100kg per month 25 gal liquid). It is important to note that not every state allows the small quantity exclusion in this amount. Evenso, the professional laboratory supervisor and his or her manager/supervisor and their employers must balance the importance of(1) protecting human heal
40、th and the environment from the adverse impact of potential mismanagement of small quantities ofhazardous waste with (2) the need to hold the administrative and economic burden of management of these wastes under RCRAwithin reasonable and practical limits. Additionally, all lab supervisors should be
41、 aware of all current local, state and federalregulations, and of specific hazardous waste management facility criteria. Special rules have been made for some academiclaboratories; see 40 CFR 262.100-108. Commercial services to facilitate Internet access to the regulations, and even to alert usersto
42、 changes in chosen parts of these regulations, are available.65. Classification of Waste Types5.1 Classification:5.1.1 Hazardous waste is waste or a combination of wastes-including toxic, corrosive, irritating, sensitizing, radioactive,biologically infectious, explosive or flammable solid wastes tha
43、t pose a present or potential threat to human health life, health, orthe environment. There are three ways a waste can be required to be recognized as an RCRAhazardous waste. (1) The waste mightcontain certain listed chemicals, (2) the waste might have been generated from specific sources or manufac
44、turing processes notedin the regulation, (3) the waste might display certain characteristics (D001-Ignitability, D002-Corrosivity, etc).5.1.2 The individual responsible for classification and segregation must be familiar with the wastes chemical, physical, andhazardous properties in order to properl
45、y classify materials for disposal or transportation, or both. All generators of hazardouswaste must register with EPA or the State equivalent, equivalent agency, but many laboratories may be classified as exempt or assmall quantity generators.5.1.3 Priority ChemicalsEPA OSW has identified 31 chemica
46、l categories (EPA Home Wastes Waste Minimization Priority Chemicals however,applicable recovery methods are not given. Recovery methods are not indicated in this section, but rather, methods by which toprepare waste chemicals for disposal and the disposal methods themselves. As mentioned above, if p
47、ractical and economical,recovery and re-use is the preferred method for the management of chemical waste. Additionally, controlled reactions/processesare not referred to since they are waste specific. Small quantities of pyrophoric and hydrophoric substances, under controlledconditions in the labora
48、tory, could possibly be reduced to less hazardous compounds, forming products more easily managed. Thedisposal methods cited are those generally applicable to the types of wastes mentioned, and they are recommended contingent upon8 Protocol for Conducting Environmental Compliance Audits of Facilitie
49、s with PCBs, Asbestos, and Lead-based Paint Regulated under TSCA, , USEPA. EPA300-B-00-004, March 2000.TABLE 1 Pretreatment and Disposal MethodsWaste Types (4.2) Pretreatment MethodsSection 5 Disposal MethodsSection 6Trash containerizationWeak acids dilution, neutralization sewer solidificationWeak bases dilution, neutralization sewer solidificationConcentrated acids dilution, neutralization sewer lab pack solidificationConcentrated bases dilution, neutralization sewer lab pak solidificationConcentrated bases dilution, neutralization sewer lab pack solidificationIgni
