1、Designation: D4476/D4476M 14Standard Test Method forFlexural Properties of Fiber Reinforced Pultruded PlasticRods1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D4476/D4476M; the number immediately following the designation indicates theyear of original adoption or, in the case of revision, the
2、 year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of lastreapproval. A superscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope*1.1 This test method covers the determination of the flexuralproperties of fiber-reinforced pultruded plastic ro
3、ds. The speci-men is a rod with a semicircular cross section, molded or cutfrom lengths of pultruded rods (see Fig. 1). This test method isdesigned for rods with a diameter of12 in. or greater.NOTE 1There is no known ISO equivalent to this standard.1.2 The values stated in either SI units or inch-po
4、und unitsare to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated ineach system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, eachsystem shall be used independently of the other. Combiningvalues from the two systems may result in nonconformancewith the standard.1.3 This standard does not purport to a
5、ddress all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D618 Practi
6、ce for Conditioning Plastics for TestingD883 Terminology Relating to PlasticsD3918 Terminology Relating to Reinforced Plastic Pul-truded ProductsE4 Practices for Force Verification of Testing MachinesE691 Practice for Conducting an Interlaboratory Study toDetermine the Precision of a Test Method3. T
7、erminology3.1 For definitions of terms used in this test method, seeTerminology D883 or Definitions D3918.4. Summary of Test Method4.1 A rod of semicircular construction is tested in flexure asa simple beam. The specimen rests on two supports and isloaded by means of a loading nose midway between th
8、esupports (see Fig. 3).4.2 The specimen is deflected until rupture occurs in theouter fibers, or until the maximum fiber strain of 5 % isreached, whichever occurs first.5. Significance and Use5.1 Flexural properties determined by this test method areespecially useful for quality control and specific
9、ation purposes.5.2 The maximum axial fiber stresses occur on a line underthe loading nose. The use of the semicircular cross sectioneliminates premature compression shear that has been noted inthree-point flexure tests on full-round rods.5.3 Flexural properties may vary with specimen depth,temperatu
10、re, atmospheric conditions, and differences in rate ofstraining.5.4 Before proceeding with this test method, referenceshould be made to the specification of the material being tested.Any test specimen preparation, conditioning, dimensions, ortesting parameters, or combination thereof, covered in the
11、materials specification shall take precedence over those men-tioned in this test method. If there are no materialspecifications, then the default conditions apply.6. Apparatus6.1 Testing MachineAproperly calibrated testing machinethat can be operated at constant rates of crosshead motion overthe ran
12、ge indicated, and in which the error in the load-measuring system shall not exceed 61 % of the maximum loadexpected to be measured. It shall be equipped with adeflection-measuring device. The stiffness of the testing ma-chine shall be such that the total elastic deformation of thesystem does not exc
13、eed 1 % of the total deflection of the testspecimen during test, or appropriate corrections shall be made.The load-indicating mechanism shall be essentially free ofinertial lag at the crosshead rate used. The accuracy of thetesting machine shall be verified in accordance with PracticesE4.1This test
14、method is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee D20 on Plasticsand is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D20.18 on Reinforced Thermoset-ting Plastics.Current edition approved May 1, 2014. Published May 2014. Originallyapproved in 1985. Last previous edition approved in 2009 as D4476 - 09. D
15、OI:10.1520/D4476_D4476M-14.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.*A Summary of Changes section appe
16、ars at the end of this standardCopyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States16.2 Loading Nose and SupportsThe loading nose shallhave cylindrical surfaces. In order to avoid excessive indenta-tion or failure due to stress concentrati
17、on directly under theloading nose, the radius of the nose shall be at least 6.4 mm 14in. for all specimens. Larger-radius noses are recommended ifsignificant indentation or compressive failure occurs. Thecurvature of the loading nose in contact with the specimen shallbe sufficiently large to prevent
18、 contact of the specimen with thesides of the nose. The supports shall consist of anvils to supportthe round section of the segment (see Fig. 2).6.3 MicrometersSuitable micrometers for measuring thediameter of the test specimen to an incremental discriminationof at least 0.025 mm 0.001 in. shall be
19、used.7. Test Specimen7.1 The test specimen shall consist of a pultruded rod cutinto two parts so that the cross section of each part is smallerthan a half-round section (see Fig. 1).7.2 The specimen length shall be 16 to 24 times its thicknessor depth, plus at least 20 % of the support span to allow
20、 aminimum of 10 % overhang at the supports (see Fig. 3).NOTE 2As a general rule, support span-to-depth ratios of 16 to 1 aresatisfactory when the ratio of the tensile strength to shear strength is lessthan 20 to 1, but the support span-to-depth ratio should be increased forcomposite laminates having
21、 relatively low shear strength in the plane ofthe laminate and relatively high tensile strength parallel to the supportspan.7.3 Number of SpecimensThe number of test specimens isoptional. However, a minimum of five specimens is required toobtain a satisfactory average and standard deviation.8. Condi
22、tioning8.1 ConditioningCondition the test specimen at 23 6 2C73.4 6 3.6F and 50 6 10 % relative humidity for not lessthan 40 h prior to test in accordance with Procedure A ofPractice D618, for those tests where conditioning is required.In cases of disagreement, the tolerances shall be 61C61.8F and 6
23、5 % relative humidity. These conditions arerecommended for research and development trials, but notnecessarily for quality control. However, temperature controlto 22.2 6 5.6C 72 6 10F is recommended for qualitycontrol.8.2 Test ConditionsConduct tests in the standard labora-tory atmosphere of 23 6 2C
24、 73.4 6 3.6F and 50 6 10 %relative humidity, unless otherwise specified in the test methodor in other specifications. In cases of disagreement, thetolerances shall be 61C 61.8F and 65 % relative humid-ity.8.3 Preconditioning in other environments to simulatespecified conditions and durations is perm
25、issible.8.4 Testing in other environmental conditions is permis-sible.9. Procedure9.1 Use an untested specimen for each measurement. Mea-sure the diameter before cutting and depth of the specimen tothe nearest 0.025 mm 0.001 in. at the center of the supportspan.9.2 Determine the support span to be u
26、sed as described inSection 6 and set the support span to within 1 % of thedetermined value.9.3 Machine crosshead rate shall be 3 mm/min 0.1 in./minfor samples where D/2 is 0.25 to 0.375 in. and 6 mm/min 0.2in./min for samples where D/2 is 0.375 to 0.5 in. The test timeshould be monitored and the loa
27、ding rate adjusted. If the testtime is less than 20 s, the loading rate should be reduced. If thetest time is greater than 200 s, the loading rate should beincreased.10. Retests10.1 Values for properties at rupture shall not be calculatedfor any specimen that breaks at some obvious, fortuitous flaw,
28、unless such flaws constitute a variable being studied. Retestsshall be made for any specimen on which values are notcalculated.11. Calculation11.1 Maximum Fiber StressWhen a beam ofhomogeneous, elastic material is tested in flexure as a simpleFIG. 1 Cross Section of Test SpecimenFIG. 2 Arbor Dimensi
29、onsD4476/D4476M 142beam supported at two end points and loaded at the midpoint,the maximum fiber stress in the outer fibers occurs at midspan.This stress may be calculated for any point on the load-deflection curve by the following equation (Notes 2 and 3):S 5PLC4I(1)where:S = stress in the outer fi
30、bers at midspan, N/m2psi,P = load at a given point on the load-deflection curve, Nlbf,L = support span, m in.,I = moment of inertia, m4in.4,=I 5 R4F14G 2 AB12A3B! 249SA6G 2 AB!DGC = distance from centroid to extremities, m in.,=RS1 24A36G 2 3HD,R = D/2 m in.,A = 22! , where =TR,B =1,G = arc sine A,
31、rad,H =2A B, = T/R relative thickness of specimen, m in.,T = thickness of specimen, m in., andD = original diameter of specimen, m in.NOTE 3Eq 1 applies directly to materials for which the stress islinearly proportional to strain up to the point of rupture and for which thestrains are small. Since t
32、his is not always the case, a slight error will beintroduced in the use of this equation. The equation will, however, be validfor comparison data and specification values up to the maximum fiberstrain of 5 % for specimens tested by the procedure herein described.NOTE 4The preceding calculation is no
33、t valid if the specimen isslipping excessively between the supports.11.2 Modulus of Elasticity:11.2.1 Tangent Modulus of ElasticityThe tangent modulusof elasticity, often called the “modulus of elasticity,” is theratio, within the elastic limit, of stress to corresponding strain,and shall be express
34、ed in newtons per square metre pounds-force per square inch. It is calculated by drawing a tangent tothe steepest initial straight-line portion of the load-deflectioncurve and using Eq 2 as follows:Eb5PL348IY(2)where:Eb= modulus of elasticity in bending, N/m2psi,P = load at a given point on the load
35、-deflection curve, Nlbf,L = support span, m in.,I = moment of inertia, m4in.4,=I 5 R4F14G 2 AB12A3B! 249SA6G 2 AB!DGR = D/2, m in.,A = 22! ,B =1,G = arc sine A, rad,H =2A B, = T/R relative thickness of specimen, m in.,T = thickness of specimen, m in., andD = original diameter, m in.,11.3 Maximum Str
36、ainThe maximum strain in the outerfibers also occurs at midspan, and may be calculated asfollows: 512CYL2(3)where: = maximum strain in outer fibers, m/m in./in.,FIG. 3 Schematic of Flexural TestD4476/D4476M 143Y = maximum deflection at load chosen, m in.,L = support span, m in.C = distance from cent
37、roid to extremities,=RS1 2 4A36G 2 3HD,A = 22! , = T/R,G = arc sine A, rad,H =2A B,B =1T = thickness of specimen, m in.,R = D/2, andD = original diameter, m in.11.4 Arithmetic MeanFor each series of tests, the arith-metic mean of all values obtained shall be calculated to threesignificant figures an
38、d reported as the “average value” for theparticular property in question.11.5 Standard DeviationThe standard deviation (esti-mated) shall be calculated as follows and reported in twosignificant figures:S 5 (X22 nX 2n 2 1(4)where:s = estimated standard deviation,X = value of single observation,n = nu
39、mber of observations, andX= arithmetic mean of the set of observations.12. Report12.1 Report the following information:12.1.1 Complete identification of the material tested, includ-ing type, source, manufacturers code number, form, principledimensions, and previous history,12.1.2 Method of cutting r
40、ods,12.1.3 Conditioning procedure,12.1.4 Depth and diameter of specimen,12.1.5 Support span length,12.1.6 Support span-to-depth ratio,12.1.7 Diameters of support and loading noses,12.1.8 Rate of crosshead motion,12.1.9 Flexural strength (if applicable), average value, andstandard deviation,12.1.10 T
41、angent modulus of elasticity in bending, averagevalue, and standard deviation,12.1.11 Stress at any given strain up to and including 5 % (ifdesired, with strain used, average value, and standarddeviation), and12.1.12 Maximum strain in the outer fibers of the specimen(optional).13. Precision and Bias
42、313.1 Tables 1 and 2 are based on a round robin conducted in1984, involving three materials tested by eleven laboratories.Each test result was based on five individual determinations.Each laboratory obtained two test results for each material.Tests were conducted at room temperature and 150F.NOTE 5T
43、he explanations of r and R (13.2 13.2.3) are intended onlyto present a meaningful way of considering the approximate precision ofthis test method. The data in Tables 1 and 2 should not be applied toacceptance or rejection of materials, as these data apply only to thematerials tested in the round rob
44、in and are unlikely to be rigorouslyrepresentative of other lots, formulations, conditions, materials, or labo-ratories. Users of this test method should apply the principles outlined inPractice E691 to generate data specific to their materials and laboratory (orbetween specific laboratories). The p
45、rinciples of 13.2 13.2.3 would thenbe valid for such data.13.2 Concept of r and R in Tables 1 and 2If Srand SRhavebeen calculated from a large enough body of data, and for testresults that were averages from testing 5 specimens for eachtest result, then the following apply:13.2.1 RepeatabilityTwo te
46、st results obtained within onelaboratory shall be judged not equivalent if they differ by morethan the r value for that material. r is the interval representingthe critical difference between two test results for the samematerial, obtained by the same operator using the sameequipment on the same day
47、 in the same laboratory.13.2.2 ReproducibilityTwo test results obtained by differ-ent laboratories shall be judged not equivalent if they differ bymore than the R value for that material. R is the intervalrepresenting the critical difference between two test results forthe same material, obtained by
48、 different operators using differ-ent equipment in different laboratories.13.2.3 Any judgement in accordance with 13.2.1 or 13.2.2would have an approximate 95 % (0.95) probability of beingcorrect.13.3 There are no recognized standards by which to esti-mate bias of this test method.3Supporting data h
49、ave been filed at ASTM International Headquarters and maybe obtained by requesting Research Report RR: RR:D20-1119.TABLE 1 Precision StatementFlexural Modulus,106, psiRoom TemperatureMaterialRodDiameterMean SrSRIrIRVinyl ester 0.85 in. 7.39 0.365 0.971 1.02 2.75Vinyl ester 1.00 in. 6.58 0.233 0.850 0.659 2.41Polyester 1.20 in. 6.38 0.359 0.832 1.02 2.35Flexural Strength,103, psiVinyl ester 0.85 in. 222 5.07 15.9 14.3 44.9Vinyl est
