1、Designation:D448511b Designation: D4485 11cStandard Specification forPerformance of Active API Service Category Engine Oils1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D4485; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision,
2、the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.INTRODUCTIONThis specification covers
3、 all the currently active American Petroleum Institute (API) engine oilperformance categories that have been defined in accordance with theASTM consensus process. Thereare organizations with specifications not subject to the ASTM consensus process, such as theInternational Lubricant Standardization
4、and Approval Committee (ILSAC), American PetroleumInstitute (API SM, SN Specifications), and the Association des Constructeurs Europeans dAutomobiles (ACEA). Certain of these specifications, which have been defined primarily by the useof current ASTM test methods, have also been included in the Appe
5、ndixes for information.In the ASTM system, a specific API designation is assigned to each category. The system isopen-ended, that is, new designations are assigned for use with new categories as each new set of oilperformance characteristics are defined. Oil categories may be referenced by engine bu
6、ilders inmaking lubricant recommendations, and used by lubricant suppliers and customers in identifyingproducts for specific applications. Where applicable, candidate oil programs are conducted inaccordance with theAmerican Chemistry Council (ACC) PetroleumAdditives ProductApproval Codeof Practice.O
7、ther service categories not shown in this document have historically been used to describe engineoil performance (SA, SB, SC, SD, SE, SF, SG, SH and CA, CB, CC, CD, CD-II, CE, CF, CF-2, CF-4,CG-4) (see 3.1.2). SA is not included because it does not have specified engine performancerequirements. SH i
8、s not included because it was a category that could not be licensed for gasolineengine oil use in the API Service Symbol after Dec. 2, 2010. (NoteThe SH category has beenincluded in Appendix X8 as relevant information in combination with “C” categories.) The others arenot included because they are b
9、ased on test methods for which engine parts, test fuel, or reference oils,or a combination thereof, are no longer available. Also, the ASTM 5-Car and Sequence VI Proceduresare obsolete and have been deleted from the category Energy Conserving and Energy Conserving II(defined by Sequence VI). Informa
10、tion on excluded older categories and obsolete test requirementscan be found in SAE J183.1. Scope*1.1 This specification covers engine oils for light-duty and heavy-duty internal combustion engines used under a variety ofoperating conditions in automobiles, trucks, vans, buses, and off-highway farm,
11、 industrial, and construction equipment.1.2 This specification is not intended to cover engine oil applications such as outboard motors, snowmobiles, lawn mowers,motorcycles, railroad locomotives, or oceangoing vessels.1.3 This specification is based on engine test results that generally have been c
12、orrelated with results obtained on reference oilsin actual service engines operating with gasoline or diesel fuel.As it pertains to theAPI SLengine oil category, it is based on enginetest results that generally have been correlated with results obtained on reference oils run in gasoline engine Seque
13、nce Tests thatdefined engine oil categories prior to 2000. It should be recognized that not all aspects of engine oil performance are evaluatedby the engine tests in this specification. In addition, when assessing oil performance, it is desirable that the oil be evaluated underactual operating condi
14、tions.1This specification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D02 on Petroleum Products and Lubricants and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D02.B0on Automotive Lubricants.Current edition approved Oct.Dec. 1, 2011. Published November 2011.January 2012. Originally approved in 1985.
15、 Last previous edition approved in 2011 as D448511ab.DOI: 10.1520/D4485-11BC.1This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Becauseit may not be technically possible to adequate
16、ly depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current versionof the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard.Copyright ASTM Int
17、ernational, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.1.4 This specification includes bench and chemical tests that help evaluate some aspects of engine oil performance not coveredby the engine tests in this specification.1.5 The values stated in SI units ar
18、e to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.5.1 ExceptionsThe roller follower shaft wear in Test Method D5966 is in mils. Some of the appendixes are verbatim fromother sources, and non-SI units are included.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D9
19、2 Test Method for Flash and Fire Points by Cleveland Open Cup TesterD93 Test Methods for Flash Point by Pensky-Martens Closed Cup TesterD130 Test Method for Corrosiveness to Copper from Petroleum Products by Copper Strip TestD412 Test Methods for Vulcanized Rubber and Thermoplastic ElastomersTension
20、D471 Test Method for Rubber PropertyEffect of LiquidsD874 Test Method for Sulfated Ash from Lubricating Oils and AdditivesD892 Test Method for Foaming Characteristics of Lubricating OilsD2240 Test Method for Rubber PropertyDurometer HardnessD2622 Test Method for Sulfur in Petroleum Products by Wavel
21、ength Dispersive X-ray Fluorescence SpectrometryD2887 Test Method for Boiling Range Distribution of Petroleum Fractions by Gas ChromatographyD3244 Practice for Utilization of Test Data to Determine Conformance with SpecificationsD4171 Specification for Fuel System Icing InhibitorsD4683 Test Method f
22、or Measuring Viscosity of New and Used Engine Oils at High Shear Rate and High Temperature byTapered Bearing Simulator Viscometer at 150 CD4684 Test Method for Determination of Yield Stress and Apparent Viscosity of Engine Oils at Low TemperatureD4951 Test Method for Determination of Additive Elemen
23、ts in Lubricating Oils by Inductively Coupled Plasma AtomicEmission SpectrometryD5119 Test Method for Evaluation of Automotive Engine Oils in the CRC L-38 Spark-Ignition EngineD5133 Test Method for Low Temperature, Low Shear Rate, Viscosity/Temperature Dependence of Lubricating Oils Using aTemperatu
24、re-Scanning TechniqueD5185 Test Method for Determination of Additive Elements, Wear Metals, and Contaminants in Used Lubricating Oils andDetermination of Selected Elements in Base Oils by Inductively Coupled Plasma Atomic Emission Spectrometry (ICP-AES)D5293 Test Method forApparent Viscosity of Engi
25、ne Oils and Base Stocks Between 5 and 35C Using Cold-Cranking SimulatorD5302 Test Method for Evaluation ofAutomotive Engine Oils for Inhibition of Deposit Formation and Wear in a Spark-IgnitionInternal Combustion Engine Fueled with Gasoline and Operated Under Low-Temperature, Light-Duty ConditionsD5
26、480 Test Method for Engine Oil Volatility by Gas ChromatographyD5481 Test Method for Measuring Apparent Viscosity at High-Temperature and High-Shear Rate by Multicell CapillaryViscometerD5533 Test Method for Evaluation of Automotive Engine Oils in the Sequence IIIE, Spark-Ignition EngineD5800 Test M
27、ethod for Evaporation Loss of Lubricating Oils by the Noack MethodD5844 Test Method for Evaluation of Automotive Engine Oils for Inhibition of Rusting (Sequence IID)D5966 Test Method for Evaluation of Engine Oils for Roller Follower Wear in Light-Duty Diesel EngineD5967 Test Method for Evaluation of
28、 Diesel Engine Oils in T-8 Diesel EngineD6082 Test Method for High Temperature Foaming Characteristics of Lubricating OilsD6202 Test Method for Automotive Engine Oils on the Fuel Economy of Passenger Cars and Light-Duty Trucks in theSequence VIA Spark Ignition EngineD6278 Test Method for Shear Stabi
29、lity of Polymer Containing Fluids Using a European Diesel Injector ApparatusD6335 Test Method for Determination of High Temperature Deposits by Thermo-Oxidation Engine Oil Simulation TestD6417 Test Method for Estimation of Engine Oil Volatility by Capillary Gas ChromatographyD6483 Test Method for Ev
30、aluation of Diesel Engine Oils in T-9 Diesel EngineD6557 Test Method for Evaluation of Rust Preventive Characteristics of Automotive Engine OilsD6593 Test Method for Evaluation of Automotive Engine Oils for Inhibition of Deposit Formation in a Spark-Ignition InternalCombustion Engine Fueled with Gas
31、oline and Operated Under Low-Temperature, Light-Duty ConditionsD6594 Test Method for Evaluation of Corrosiveness of Diesel Engine Oil at 135CD6681 Test Method for Evaluation of Engine Oils in a High Speed, Single-Cylinder Diesel EngineCaterpillar 1PTest ProcedureD6709 Test Method for Evaluation of A
32、utomotive Engine Oils in the Sequence VIII Spark-Ignition Engine (CLR Oil TestEngine)2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or contact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standardsvolume information, refer to the standards Document Summary
33、 page on the ASTM website.D4485 11c2D6750 Test Methods for Evaluation of Engine Oils in a High-Speed, Single-Cylinder Diesel Engine1K Procedure (0.4 % FuelSulfur) and 1N Procedure (0.04 % Fuel Sulfur)D6794 Test Method for Measuring the Effect on Filterability of Engine Oils After Treatment with Vari
34、ous Amounts of Waterand a Long (6-h) Heating TimeD6795 Test Method for Measuring the Effect on Filterability of Engine OilsAfter Treatment with Water and Dry Ice and a Short(30-min) Heating TimeD6837 Test Method for Measurement of Effects ofAutomotive Engine Oils on Fuel Economy of Passenger Cars an
35、d Light-DutyTrucks in Sequence VIB Spark Ignition EngineD6838 Test Method for Cummins M11 High Soot TestD6891 Test Method for Evaluation of Automotive Engine Oils in the Sequence IVA Spark-Ignition EngineD6894 Test Method for Evaluation of Aeration Resistance of Engine Oils in Direct-Injected Turboc
36、harged Automotive DieselEngineD6896 Test Method for Determination of Yield Stress and Apparent Viscosity of Used Engine Oils at Low TemperatureD6922 Test Method for Determination of Homogeneity and Miscibility in Automotive Engine OilsD6923 Test Method for Evaluation of Engine Oils in a High Speed,
37、Single-Cylinder Diesel EngineCaterpillar 1R Test ProcedureD6975 Test Method for Cummins M11 EGR TestD6984 Test Method for Evaluation of Automotive Engine Oils in the Sequence IIIF, Spark-Ignition EngineD6987/D6987M Test Method for Evaluation of Diesel Engine Oils in T-10 Exhaust Gas Recirculation Di
38、esel EngineD7097 Test Method for Determination of Moderately High Temperature Piston Deposits by Thermo-Oxidation Engine OilSimulation TestTEOST MHTD7109 Test Method for Shear Stability of Polymer Containing Fluids Using a European Diesel Injector Apparatus at 30 and 90CyclesD7156 Test Method for Ev
39、aluation of Diesel Engine Oils in the T-11 Exhaust Gas Recirculation Diesel EngineD7216 Test Method for Determining Automotive Engine Oil Compatibility with Typical Seal ElastomersD7320 Test Method for Evaluation of Automotive Engine Oils in the Sequence IIIG, Spark-Ignition EngineD7422 Test Method
40、for Evaluation of Diesel Engine Oils in T-12 Exhaust Gas Recirculation Diesel EngineD7468 Test Method for Cummins ISM TestD7484 Test Method for Evaluation of Automotive Engine Oils for Valve-Train Wear Performance in Cummins ISBMedium-Duty Diesel EngineD7528 Test Method for Bench Oxidation of Engine
41、 Oils by ROBO ApparatusD7549 Test Method for Evaluation of Heavy-Duty Engine Oils under High Output ConditionsCaterpillar C13 Test ProcedureD7563 Test Method for Evaluation of the Ability of Engine Oil to Emulsify Water and Simulated Ed85 FuelD7589 Test Method for Measurement of Effects ofAutomotive
42、 Engine Oils on Fuel Economy of Passenger Cars and Light-DutyTrucks in Sequence VID Spark Ignition EngineE29 Practice for Using Significant Digits in Test Data to Determine Conformance with SpecificationsE178 Practice for Dealing With Outlying Observations2.2 Society of Automotive Engineers Standard
43、s:3SAE J183 Engine Oil Performance and Engine Service ClassificationSAE J300 Engine Oil ClassificationSAE J1423 Passenger Car and Light-Duty Truck Energy-Conserving Engine Oil ClassificationSAE J2643 Standard Reference Elastomers (SRE) for Characterizing the Effects on Vulcanized Rubber2.3 American
44、Petroleum Institute Publication:4API 1509 Engine Oil Licensing and Certification System (EOLCS)2.4 Government Standard:5DOD CID A-A-52039A (SAE 5W-30, 10W-30, and 15W-40)2.5 American Chemical Council Code:6ACC Petroleum Additives Product Approval Code of Practice3. Terminology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 a
45、utomotive, adjdescriptive of equipment associated with self-propelled machinery, usually vehicles driven by internalcombustion engines.3.1.2 category, nin engine oils, a designation such as SJ, SL, SM, SN, CH-4, CI-4, CJ-4, Energy Conserving, ResourceConserving, and so forth, for a given level of pe
46、rformance in specified engine and bench tests.3Available from Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE), 400 Commonwealth Dr., Warrendale, PA 150960001.4Available from American Petroleum Institute (API), 1220 L. St., NW, Washington, DC 20005-4070, http:/www.api.org.5Available from U.S. Government Printi
47、ng Office Superintendent of Documents, 732 N. Capitol St., NW, Mail Stop: SDE, Washington, DC 20401.6Available from American Chemical Council, 1300 Wilson Blvd., Arlington, VA 22209.D4485 11c33.1.3 classification, nin engine oils, the systematic arrangement into categories in accordance with differe
48、nt levels ofperformance in specified engine and bench tests.3.1.4 heavy duty, adj in internal combustion engine operation, characterized by average speeds, power output, and internaltemperatures that are generally close to the potential maximums.3.1.5 heavy-duty engine, nin internal combustion engin
49、e types, one that is designed to allow operation continuous at or closeto its peak output.3.1.6 light-duty, adj in internal combustion engine operation, characterized by average speeds, power output, and internaltemperatures that are generally much lower than the potential maximums.3.1.7 light-duty engine, nin internal combustion engine types, one that is designed to be normally operated at substantiallyless than its peak output.3.1.7.1 DiscussionThis type of engine is typically installed in automobiles and small trucks, vans, and buses.3.1.8 lugging, adjin interna
