1、Designation: D4485 16Standard Specification forPerformance of Active API Service Category Engine Oils1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D4485; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revis
2、ion. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the U.S. Department of Defense.INTRODUCTIONThis specification covers all the currentl
3、y active American Petroleum Institute (API) engine oilperformance categories that have been defined in accordance with theASTM consensus process. Thereare organizations with specifications not subject to the ASTM consensus process, such as theInternational Lubricant Standardization and Approval Comm
4、ittee (ILSAC), American PetroleumInstitute (API SM, SN Specifications), and the Association des Constructeurs EuropeansdAutomobiles (ACEA). Certain of these specifications, which have been defined primarily by the useof current ASTM test methods, have also been included in the Appendixes for informa
5、tion.In the ASTM system, a specific API designation is assigned to each category. The system isopen-ended, that is, new designations are assigned for use with new categories as each new set of oilperformance characteristics are defined. Oil categories may be referenced by engine builders inmaking lu
6、bricant recommendations, and used by lubricant suppliers and customers in identifyingproducts for specific applications. Where applicable, candidate oil programs are conducted inaccordance with theAmerican Chemistry Council (ACC) PetroleumAdditives ProductApproval Codeof Practice.Other service categ
7、ories not shown in this document have historically been used to describe engineoil performance (SA, SB, SC, SD, SE, SF, SG, SH and CA, CB, CC, CD, CD-II, CE, CF, CF-2, CF-4,CG-4) (see 3.1.2). SA is not included because it does not have specified engine performancerequirements. SH is not included bec
8、ause it was a category that could not be licensed for gasolineengine oil use in the API Service Symbol after Dec. 2, 2010. (NoteThe SH category has beenincluded in Appendix X8 as relevant information in combination with “C” categories.) The others arenot included because they are based on test metho
9、ds for which engine parts, test fuel, or reference oils,or a combination thereof, are no longer available. Also, the ASTM 5-Car and Sequence VI Proceduresare obsolete and have been deleted from the category Energy Conserving and Energy Conserving II(defined by Sequence VI). Information on excluded o
10、lder categories and obsolete test requirementscan be found in SAE J183.1. Scope*1.1 This specification covers engine oils for light-duty andheavy-duty internal combustion engines used under a variety ofoperating conditions in automobiles, trucks, vans, buses, andoff-highway farm, industrial, and con
11、struction equipment.1.2 This specification is not intended to cover engine oilapplications such as outboard motors, snowmobiles, lawnmowers, motorcycles, railroad locomotives, or oceangoingvessels.1.3 This specification is based on engine test results thatgenerally have been correlated with results
12、obtained on refer-ence oils in actual service engines operating with gasoline ordiesel fuel. As it pertains to the API SL engine oil category, itis based on engine test results that generally have beencorrelated with results obtained on reference oils run ingasoline engine Sequence Tests that define
13、d engine oil catego-ries prior to 2000. It should be recognized that not all aspects1This specification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D02 onPetroleum Products, Liquid Fuels, and Lubricants and is the direct responsibility ofSubcommittee D02.B0 on Automotive Lubricants.Current edition a
14、pproved Dec. 15, 2016. Published March 2017. Originallyapproved in 1985. Last previous edition approved in 2015 as D4485 15a. DOI:10.1520/D4485-16.*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standardCopyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA
15、19428-2959. United StatesThis international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for theDevelopment of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Te
16、chnical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.1of engine oil performance are evaluated by the engine tests inthis specification. In addition, when assessing oil performance,it is desirable that the oil be evaluated under actual operatingconditions.1.4 This specification includes bench and chemical tests
17、 thathelp evaluate some aspects of engine oil performance notcovered by the engine tests in this specification.1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded asstandard. No other units of measurement are included in thisstandard.1.5.1 Exceptions:1.5.1.1 The roller follower shaft wear in Test M
18、ethod D5966is in mils.1.5.1.2 The oil consumption in Test Method D6750 is ingrams per kilowatthour.NOTE 1The kWh unit is deprecated. The preferred SI unit is the joule(J); 1 kWh = 3.6 MJ.1.5.1.3 The bearing wear in Test Method D6709 is in gramsand is described as weight loss, a non-SI term.1.5.1.4 S
19、ome of the appendixes are verbatim from othersources, and non-SI units are included.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D92 Test Method for Flash and Fire Points by ClevelandOpen Cup TesterD93 Test Methods for Flash Point by Pensky-MartensClosed Cup TesterD130 Test Method for Corrosiveness to
20、 Copper from Petro-leum Products by Copper Strip TestD412 Test Methods for Vulcanized Rubber and Thermoplas-tic ElastomersTensionD471 Test Method for Rubber PropertyEffect of LiquidsD874 Test Method for Sulfated Ash from Lubricating Oilsand AdditivesD892 Test Method for Foaming Characteristics of Lu
21、bricat-ing OilsD2240 Test Method for Rubber PropertyDurometer Hard-nessD2622 Test Method for Sulfur in Petroleum Products byWavelength Dispersive X-ray Fluorescence SpectrometryD2887 Test Method for Boiling Range Distribution of Pe-troleum Fractions by Gas ChromatographyD3244 Practice for Utilizatio
22、n of Test Data to DetermineConformance with SpecificationsD4171 Specification for Fuel System Icing InhibitorsD4683 Test Method for Measuring Viscosity of New andUsed Engine Oils at High Shear Rate and High Tempera-ture by Tapered Bearing Simulator Viscometer at 150 CD4684 Test Method for Determinat
23、ion of Yield Stress andApparent Viscosity of Engine Oils at Low TemperatureD4741 Test Method for Measuring Viscosity at High Tem-perature and High Shear Rate by Tapered-Plug ViscometerD4951 Test Method for Determination of Additive Elementsin Lubricating Oils by Inductively Coupled PlasmaAtomic Emis
24、sion SpectrometryD5119 Test Method for Evaluation of Automotive EngineOils in the CRC L-38 Spark-Ignition Engine (Withdrawn2003)3D5133 Test Method for Low Temperature, Low Shear Rate,Viscosity/Temperature Dependence of Lubricating OilsUsing a Temperature-Scanning TechniqueD5185 Test Method for Multi
25、element Determination ofUsed and Unused Lubricating Oils and Base Oils byInductively Coupled Plasma Atomic Emission Spectrom-etry (ICP-AES)D5293 Test Method for Apparent Viscosity of Engine Oilsand Base Stocks Between 10 C and 35 C UsingCold-Cranking SimulatorD5302 Test Method for Evaluation of Auto
26、motive EngineOils for Inhibition of Deposit Formation and Wear in aSpark-Ignition Internal Combustion Engine Fueled withGasoline and Operated Under Low-Temperature, Light-Duty Conditions (Withdrawn 2003)3D5480 Test Method for Engine Oil Volatility by Gas Chro-matography (Withdrawn 2003)3D5481 Test M
27、ethod for Measuring Apparent Viscosity atHigh-Temperature and High-Shear Rate by Multicell Cap-illary ViscometerD5533 Test Method for Evaluation of Automotive EngineOils in the Sequence IIIE, Spark-Ignition Engine (With-drawn 2003)3D5800 Test Method for Evaporation Loss of LubricatingOils by the Noa
28、ck MethodD5844 Test Method for Evaluation of Automotive EngineOils for Inhibition of Rusting (Sequence IID) (Withdrawn2003)3D5966 Test Method for Evaluation of Engine Oils for RollerFollower Wear in Light-Duty Diesel EngineD5967 Test Method for Evaluation of Diesel Engine Oils inT-8 Diesel EngineD60
29、82 Test Method for High Temperature Foaming Charac-teristics of Lubricating OilsD6202 Test Method for Automotive Engine Oils on the FuelEconomy of Passenger Cars and Light-Duty Trucks in theSequence VIA Spark Ignition Engine (Withdrawn 2009)3D6278 Test Method for Shear Stability of Polymer Contain-i
30、ng Fluids Using a European Diesel Injector ApparatusD6335 Test Method for Determination of High TemperatureDeposits by Thermo-Oxidation Engine Oil SimulationTestD6417 Test Method for Estimation of Engine Oil Volatilityby Capillary Gas ChromatographyD6483 Test Method for Evaluation of Diesel Engine O
31、ils inT-9 Diesel Engine (Withdrawn 2009)3D6557 Test Method for Evaluation of Rust Preventive Char-acteristics of Automotive Engine Oils2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume inf
32、ormation, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced onwww.astm.org.D4485 162D6593 Test Method for Evaluation of Automotive EngineOils for Inhibition of Deposit Formation in a Spark-Ignition Internal Combustion
33、 Engine Fueled with Gaso-line and Operated Under Low-Temperature, Light-DutyConditionsD6594 Test Method for Evaluation of Corrosiveness ofDiesel Engine Oil at 135 CD6681 Test Method for Evaluation of Engine Oils in a HighSpeed, Single-Cylinder Diesel EngineCaterpillar 1PTest ProcedureD6709 Test Meth
34、od for Evaluation of Automotive EngineOils in the Sequence VIII Spark-Ignition Engine (CLR OilTest Engine)D6750 Test Methods for Evaluation of Engine Oils in aHigh-Speed, Single-Cylinder Diesel Engine1K Proce-dure (0.4 % Fuel Sulfur) and 1N Procedure (0.04 % FuelSulfur)D6794 Test Method for Measurin
35、g the Effect on Filterabilityof Engine Oils After Treatment with Various Amounts ofWater and a Long (6 h) Heating TimeD6795 Test Method for Measuring the Effect on Filterabilityof Engine Oils After Treatment with Water and Dry Iceand a Short (30 min) Heating TimeD6837 Test Method for Measurement of
36、Effects of Automo-tive Engine Oils on Fuel Economy of Passenger Cars andLight-Duty Trucks in Sequence VIB Spark Ignition En-gineD6838 Test Method for Cummins M11 High Soot TestD6891 Test Method for Evaluation of Automotive EngineOils in the Sequence IVA Spark-Ignition EngineD6894 Test Method for Eva
37、luation ofAeration Resistance ofEngine Oils in Direct-Injected Turbocharged AutomotiveDiesel EngineD6896 Test Method for Determination of Yield Stress andApparent Viscosity of Used Engine Oils at Low Tempera-tureD6922 Test Method for Determination of Homogeneity andMiscibility in Automotive Engine O
38、ilsD6923 Test Method for Evaluation of Engine Oils in a HighSpeed, Single-Cylinder Diesel EngineCaterpillar 1RTest ProcedureD6975 Test Method for Cummins M11 EGR TestD6984 Test Method for Evaluation of Automotive EngineOils in the Sequence IIIF, Spark-Ignition EngineD6987/D6987M Test Method for Eval
39、uation of Diesel En-gine Oils in T-10 Exhaust Gas Recirculation DieselEngineD7097 Test Method for Determination of Moderately HighTemperature Piston Deposits by Thermo-Oxidation En-gine Oil Simulation TestTEOST MHTD7109 Test Method for Shear Stability of Polymer Contain-ing Fluids Using a European D
40、iesel Injector Apparatus at30 and 90 CyclesD7156 Test Method for Evaluation of Diesel Engine Oils inthe T-11 Exhaust Gas Recirculation Diesel EngineD7216 Test Method for DeterminingAutomotive Engine OilCompatibility with Typical Seal ElastomersD7320 Test Method for Evaluation of Automotive EngineOil
41、s in the Sequence IIIG, Spark-Ignition EngineD7422 Test Method for Evaluation of Diesel Engine Oils inT-12 Exhaust Gas Recirculation Diesel EngineD7468 Test Method for Cummins ISM TestD7484 Test Method for Evaluation of Automotive EngineOils for Valve-Train Wear Performance in Cummins ISBMedium-Duty
42、 Diesel EngineD7528 Test Method for Bench Oxidation of Engine Oils byROBO ApparatusD7549 Test Method for Evaluation of Heavy-Duty EngineOils under High Output ConditionsCaterpillar C13 TestProcedureD7563 Test Method for Evaluation of the Ability of EngineOil to Emulsify Water and Simulated Ed85 Fuel
43、D7589 Test Method for Measurement of Effects of Automo-tive Engine Oils on Fuel Economy of Passenger Cars andLight-Duty Trucks in Sequence VID Spark Ignition En-gineD8047 Test Method for Evaluation of Engine Oil AerationResistance in a Caterpillar C13 Direct-Injected Turbo-charged Automotive Diesel
44、EngineD8048 Test Method for Evaluation of Diesel Engine Oils inT-13 Diesel EngineE29 Practice for Using Significant Digits in Test Data toDetermine Conformance with SpecificationsE178 Practice for Dealing With Outlying Observations2.2 Society of Automotive Engineers Standards:4SAE J183 Engine Oil Pe
45、rformance and Engine ServiceClassificationSAE J300 Engine Oil ClassificationSAE J1423 Passenger Car and Light-Duty Truck Energy-Conserving Engine Oil ClassificationSAE J2643 Standard Reference Elastomers (SRE) for Char-acterizing the Effects on Vulcanized Rubber2.3 American Petroleum Institute Publi
46、cation:5API 1509 Engine Oil Licensing and Certification System(EOLCS)2.4 Government Standard:6DOD CID A-A-52039A (SAE 5W-30, 10W-30, and 15W-40)2.5 American Chemical Council Code:7ACC Petroleum Additives Product Approval Code of Prac-tice3. Terminology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 automotive, adjdescriptive
47、 of equipment associatedwith self-propelled machinery, usually vehicles driven byinternal combustion engines.4Available from Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE), 400 CommonwealthDr., Warrendale, PA 150960001.5Available from American Petroleum Institute (API), 1220 L. St., NW,Washington, DC 20005-4
48、070, http:/www.api.org.6Available from U.S. Government Printing Office Superintendent of Documents,732 N. Capitol St., NW, Mail Stop: SDE, Washington, DC 20401.7Available fromAmerican Chemical Council, 1300 Wilson Blvd.,Arlington, VA22209.D4485 1633.1.2 category, nin engine oils, a designation such
49、as SJ,SL, SM, SN, CH-4, CI-4, CJ-4, CK-4, FA-4, EnergyConserving, Resource Conserving, and so forth, for a givenlevel of performance in specified engine and bench tests.3.1.3 classification, nin engine oils, the systematic ar-rangement into categories in accordance with different levels ofperformance in specified engine and bench tests.3.1.4 heavy duty, adjin internal combustion engineoperation, characterized by average speeds, power output, andinternal temperatures that are generally close to the potentialmaximums.3.1.5 heavy-duty engine, nin internal co
