1、Designation: D 4486 91 (Reapproved 2006)An American National StandardStandard Test Method forKinematic Viscosity of Volatile and Reactive Liquids1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 4486; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in
2、 the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This test method covers the measurement of kinematicviscosity of transparent, Newt
3、onian liquids which because oftheir reactivity, instability, or volatility cannot be used inconventional capillary kinematic viscometers. This test methodis applicable up to 2 3 105N/m2(2 atm) pressure andtemperature range from 53 to +135C (65 to +275F).1.1.1 For the measurement of the kinematic vis
4、cosity ofother liquids, see Test Method D 445.1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regul
5、atory limitations prior to use. For specificwarning statements, see 7.2, 7.3, 7.4, and Annex A1.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D 445 Test Method for Kinematic Viscosity of Transparentand Opaque Liquids (and Calculation of Dynamic Viscos-ity)D 2162 Practice for Basic Calibration of Master
6、 Viscom-eters and Viscosity Oil StandardsE1 Specification for ASTM Liquid-in-Glass Thermometers3. Terminology3.1 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.1.1 densitythe mass per unit volume of the liquid.3.1.1.1 DiscussionThe cgs unit of density (r) has thedimensions of grams per cubic centi
7、metre. The SI unit ofdensity has the dimensions of kilograms per cubic metre.3.1.2 kinematic viscosityThe ratio of the viscosity to thedensity of the liquid.3.1.2.1 DiscussionFor gravity flow under a given hydro-static head, the pressure head of a liquid is proportional to itsdensity r. For any part
8、icular viscometer, the time of flow of afixed volume of liquid is directly proportional to h/r. This ratiois the kinematic viscosity coefficient (n). The cgs unit ofkinematic viscosity is the stoke and has the dimensions ofcentimetre squared per second: the centistoke (0.01 St) isfrequently used. Th
9、e SI unit of kinematic viscosity has thedimensions of metre2/second, and is equivalent to 104St.3.1.3 viscositythe ratio between the applied shear stressand rate of shear.3.1.3.1 DiscussionThis ratio is called the coefficient ofviscosity. The coefficient of viscosity (h) is thus a measure ofthe resi
10、stance to flow of the liquid. This is commonly called theviscosity of the liquid. The cgs unit of viscosity is the poise. P,which has the dimensions of dyne-seconds per square centi-metre: the centipoise (0.01 poise) is frequently used. The SIunit of viscosity has the dimensions of newton second/met
11、re2,and is equivalent to 10 P.3.1.4 vulnerable liquida liquid which by reason of itsvolatility, instability or reactivity in the presence of air or anyother specific gaseous medium may undergo physical orchemical changes that may affect its viscosity.4. Summary of Test Method4.1 The time is measured
12、, in seconds, for a fixed volume ofliquid to flow under gravity through the capillary of theviscometer under a reproducible driving head and at a closelycontrolled temperature. The kinematic viscosity is calculatedfrom the measured flow time and the calibration constant of theviscometer.5. Significa
13、nce and Use5.1 Kinematic viscosity is a physical property which is ofimportance in the design of systems in which flowing liquidsare used or handled.6. Apparatus6.1 Viscometer ThermostatAny transparent liquid or va-por bath of sufficient depth such that at no time during themeasurement will any port
14、ion of the sample in the viscometerbe less than 20 mm below the surface of the bath liquid or lessthan 20 mm above the bottom of the bath may be used. The1This test method is under the jurisdiction of Committee D02 on PetroleumProducts and Lubricants and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee
15、D02.11 onEngineering Sciences of High Performance Fluids and Solids.Current edition approved July 1, 2006. Published August 2006. Originallyapproved in 1991. Last previous edition approved in 2001 as D 4486 91 (2001).2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact AST
16、M Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.temperature control must be s
17、uch that for the range from 15 to100C (60 to 212F) the temperature of the bath medium doesnot vary by more than 0.02F (0.01C) over the length of theviscometers, or between the position of each viscometer, or atthe location of the thermometer. For temperatures outside thisrange, the variation must no
18、t exceed 0.05F (0.03C).6.2 Temperature-Measuring DeviceSuitable liquid-in-glass Kinematic Viscosity Test Thermometers, covering therange of test temperatures indicated in Table 1, as listed inSpecification E1, make certain that they have been standard-ized before use (see 8.2). Any other thermometri
19、c device ispermissible provided that the same accuracy can be obtained.6.3 Timing DeviceAny timing device may be used pro-vided that the readings can be taken with a discrimination of0.2 s or better, and that it has an accuracy within 60.07 %when tested over intervals of 15 min.6.3.1 Electrical timi
20、ng devices may be used if the currentfrequency is controlled to an accuracy of 0.05 % or better.Alternating currents, as provided by some public power sys-tems, are intermittently rather than continuously controlled.When used to actuate electrical timing devices, such controlcan cause large errors i
21、n viscosity flow measurements.7. Reagents and Materials7.1 Viscosity Oil Standards, conforming to ASTM viscosityoil standards having the approximate kinematic viscosityshown in Table 2. Certified kinematic viscosity values arecompared by annual cooperative tests by a number of labora-tories and are
22、supplied with each portion.7.2 Chromic Acid (Cleaning Solution)(WarningCauses severe burns.Arecognized carcinogen. Strong oxidizer,contact with organic material may cause fire. Hygroscopic. SeeA1.2.)7.2.1 Other suitable cleaning solutions3are available. Inreferee testing situations, glassware shall
23、be cleaned with acleaning solution agreed upon by the parties involved.7.3 Acetone(WarningExtremely flammable. Vaporsmay cause flash fire. See Annex A1.3.)7.4 Hydrochloric Acid (Concentrated)(WarningPoison. Corrosive. May be fatal if swallowed. Liquid andvapor cause severe burns. Harmful if inhaled.
24、 See AnnexA1.4.)8. Standardization8.1 ViscometersOnly calibrated viscometers standardizedas described in Annex A2 shall be used.8.2 ThermometersLiquid-in-glass thermometers shall bechecked to the nearest 0.01C (0.02F) by direct comparisonwith a suitable standardized thermometer. Kinematic ViscosityT
25、est Thermometers shall be standardized at “total immersion”which means immersion to the top of the mercury column, withthe remainder of the stem and the expansion chamber at the topof the thermometer exposed to room temperature; do notsubmerge the expansion bulb at the top of the thermometer. Itis e
26、ssential that the ice point of standardized thermometers bedetermined periodically and the official corrections be adjustedto conform to the change in ice point.8.3 TimersStandard time signals available in some na-tions may be used in checking the accuracy of timing devices.In the United States of A
27、merica, time signals, as broadcast bythe National Bureau of Standards, Station WWV, Washington,D.C. 20234, at 2.5, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, and 35 MHz are aconvenient and primary standard reference for calibratingtiming devices; the signals are broadcast 24 h daily. StationCHU from Ottawa, Canada, at
28、3.330, 7.335, and 14.670 MHzor Station MSF at Rugby, United Kingdom, at 2.5, 5, and 10MHz may be received better in some locations.8.4 Viscosity standards may also be used to check theover-all kinematic viscosity procedure in a laboratory. If themeasured kinematic viscosity does not agree within 60.
29、35 %of the certified value, each step in the procedure should berechecked, including thermometer and viscometer calibrationto locate source of error.9. Cleaning of Viscometer9.1 Between successive determinations, clean the viscom-eter thoroughly by several rinsings with an appropriate solventcomplet
30、ely miscible with the sample, followed by a completelyvolatile solvent. Dry the viscometer with vacuum attached toTube A or by placing viscometer in a vacuum oven.9.2 Periodically clean the instrument with chromic acid(WarningSee 7.2 and A1.2.) to remove organic deposits,rinse thoroughly with distil
31、led water and acetone (WarningSee 7.3 and A1.3.), and dry with clean dry air. Inorganic3Other suitable chromium free, sulfuric acid-based cleaning solutions areavailable.TABLE 1 Kinematic Viscosity Test ThermometersATest TemperatureBScale ErrorBThermometerNumberF C ASTMCIPD65 53.9 74F 69F, C60 to 35
32、 51 to 35 43F 65F, C40 40 73F, C 68F, C0 17.8 72F 67F, C32 0 33F, C68 and 70 20 and 21.1 44F, C 29F, C77 25 45F, C 30F, C86 30 118F, C100 37.8 28F 31F, C40 120C122 50 46F, C 66F, C130 54.4 29F 34F, C140 60 47F, C 35F, C180 82.2 48F 90F, C200 93.3 36F, C210 and 212 98.9 and 100 30F 32F, C100 121C275
33、135 110F, C20 99C80 100C40 120C 92CAThe smallest graduation of the Fahrenheit thermometers is 0.1F and for theCelsius thermometers is 0.05C except for ASTM 43F and IP 65F for which it is0.2F.BScale error for the Fahrenheit thermometers is not to exceed 60.2F (exceptfor ASTM 110F which is 60.3F); for
34、 the Celsius thermometers it is 60.1C. Thesescale errors are required to apply only at the given test temperature.CComplete construction detail is given in Specification E1.DComplete construction detail is given in Part 1 of IP Standards for Petroleumand its Products.D 4486 91 (2006)2deposits may be
35、 removed by hydrochloric acid (WarningSee 7.4 and A1.4.) treatment before use of cleaning acid,particularly if barium salts are suspected.NOTE 1Do not allow chromic acid or hydrochloric acid to stand incontact with the Kovar fitting on the viscometer. Use a glass pipet tointroduce these acids into t
36、he viscometer in such a manner that contactwith the metal fittings is kept to an absolute minimum.NOTE 2Viscometers used for silicone fluids, fluorocarbons, and otherliquids which are difficult to remove by the use of a cleaning agent, shouldbe reserved for the exclusive use of those fluids except w
37、hen standardiz-ing. Such viscometers should be subjected to standardization checks atfrequent intervals.10. Procedure for Kinematic Viscosity10.1 Maintain the bath at the test temperature within thelimits given in 6.1. Apply the necessary corrections, if any, toall thermometer readings.10.2 Select a
38、 clean, dry, calibrated viscometer that will givea flow time not less than the minimum specified for theviscometer (see Table 3), or 200 s, whichever is the greater.10.3 Charge the viscometer through Tube A (see Fig. 1)until Bulb B is half filled.10.4 Test samples that are not stable in the presence
39、 of air atthe test temperature must have the air in the viscometer purgedby a working gas that does not react with the test sample.10.4.1 For the vulnerable-liquid viscometer (Fig. 1), attachTube A to a controlled source of a working gas. Tilt the chargedviscometer until the liquid sample no longer
40、covers the end ofTube C. Pressure purge the viscometer with working gas.Release the pressure and repeat the purge at least four times.10.4.2 Multiple purges are not required in the case ofvulnerable samples that are volatile but stable in the presenceof air at the test temperature.10.5 Adjustment of
41、 Pressure:10.5.1 In the vulnerable-liquid viscometer, adjust the pres-sure in the viscometer to the predetermined test pressure.Thispressure may be equal to the ambient in the case of reactivesamples or it may be an elevated pressure sufficient to repressthe boiling of a volatile sample. In any case
42、 the pressure insidethe viscometer must not be permitted to exceed 2 3 105kPa(2 atm).10.6 Mount the viscometer in the viscometer holder, andplace assembly in the constant-temperature bath. Ensure thatthe Working Capillary D is held vertical. Allow the chargedviscometer to remain in the bath long eno
43、ugh to reach the testTABLE 2 Approximate Values of the ASTM Viscosity StandardsViscosityStandardConformingto ASTMStandardsAApproximate Kinematic Viscosity, cStAt53.89C(65F)At 40C(40F)At 20C(68F)At 25C(77F)AtB37.78C(100F)At 40C(104F)At 50C(122F)AtB98.89C(210F)At 100C(212F)S-3 300 80 4.6 4.0 3.0 2.9 .
44、 1.2 1.2S-6 . . 11 8.9 6.0 5.7 . 1.8 1.8S-20 . . 44 34 20 18 . 4.0 3.9S-60 . . 170 120 60 54 . 7.4 7.2S-200 . . 640 450 200 180 . 17 17S-600 . . 2400 1600 600 520 280 33 32S-2000 . . 8700 5600 2000 1700 . 78 75S-8000 . . 37 000 23 000 8000 6700 . . .S-30000 . . . 81 000 27 000 23 000 11 000 . .AThe
45、actual values for the standards listed above are established and annually reaffirmed by cooperative tests. In 1971, tests were made using 15 different types ofviscometers in 26 laboratories located in 9 countries.BStandardizations at 37.78C and 98.89C are to be discontinued Jan 1, 1977.TABLE 3 Dimen
46、sions for Vulnerable Liquid and TiltingViscometersSizeNo.Approxi-mateConstant,cSt/sViscosityRange,cStInsideDiameterof Tube D,mm (62%)VolumeBulb FmL (65%)Liquid Tilting Liquid Tilting25 0.002 0.5Ato 2 0.31 0.31 1.5 1.550 0.004 0.8 to 4 0.44 0.37 3.0 1.575 0.008 1.6 to 8 0.54 0.46 3.0 1.5100 0.015 3 t
47、o 15 0.63 0.52 3.0 1.5150 0.035 7 to 35 0.78 0.65 3.0 1.5200 0.1 20 to 100 1.01 0.84 3.0 1.5300 0.25 50 to 250 1.26 1.05 3.0 1.5A250 s minimum flow time.FIG. 1 Viscometer for Vulnerable LiquidsD 4486 91 (2006)3temperature. Because this time may vary with the viscosity ofthe sample and test temperatu
48、re, establish a safe temperatureequilibrium time by trial.10.7 Fill the timing Bulb F with sample as follows: Increasethe pressure in the viscometer by an amount sufficient to forcethe sample upward through Tubes D and E to fill Bulb Fentirely and Bulb G partially. Since the inside diameter of TubeE
49、 is greater than that of Tube D, Bulb F is filled mainly byliquid that flows through Tube E and Bulb G. Restore thepressure in the system to the prechecked test pressure. As thisis done the sample begins to drain from the capillary and upperbulbs of the viscometer. Tubes E and C are sufficiently large ina diameter that they drain completely before the liquid level inBulb G reaches the upper timing mark.10.8 With the sample flowing freely, measure in seconds, towithin 0.2 s (see 6.3), the time require
