1、Designation: D 4489 95 (Reapproved 2006)Standard Practices forSampling of Waterborne Oils1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 4489; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A numb
2、er in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 These practices describe the procedures to be used incollecting samples of waterborne oils (see Practice D 3415), oilfound on adjoining sh
3、orelines, or oil-soaked debris, for com-parison of oils by spectroscopic and chromatographic tech-niques, and for elemental analyses.1.2 Two practices are described. Practice A involves “grabsampling” macro oil samples. Practice B can be used to samplemost types of waterborne oils and is particularl
4、y applicable insampling thin oil films or slicks. Practice selection will bedictated by the physical characteristics and the location of thespilled oil. These two practices are:SectionsPractice A (for grab sampling thick layers of oil, viscous oils oroil soaked debris, oil globules, tar balls, or st
5、randed oil)9 to 13Practice B (for TFEfluorocarbon polymer strip samplers) 14 to171.3 Each of the two practices is designed to collect oilsamples with a minimum of water, thereby reducing thepossibility of chemical, physical, or biological alteration byprolonged contact with water between the time of
6、 collectionand analysis.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prio
7、r to use. For specific hazardsstatements, see Section 7.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D 1129 Terminology Relating to WaterD 3415 Practice for Identification of Waterborne Oils3. Terminology3.1 DefinitionsFor the definitions of terms used in thesepractices, refer to Terminology D 1129.3.
8、2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.2.1 chain of custodya documented accountability ofeach sample, that is, date, time, and signature of each recipientwhen the sample changes hands, from the time of collectionuntil the requirement for each sample is terminated.3.2.2 waterborne oilrefe
9、r to Practice D 3415.4. Significance and Use4.1 Identification of the source of a spilled oil is establishedby comparison with known oils selected because of theirpossible relationship to the spill, that is, potential sources.Generally, the suspected source oils are from pipelines, tanks,etc., and t
10、herefore pose little problems in sampling comparedto the spilled oil. This practice addresses the sampling ofspilled oils in particular, but could be applied to appropriatesource situations, for example, a ships bilge.5. Apparatus5.1 Sample Containers, 100 to 125-mL wide-mouth glassjars that have be
11、en thoroughly cleaned. When field expedientsmust be employed, an empty container of each type usedshould be included in the shipment to the laboratory, to be usedas a blank to measure inadvertent contamination.5.2 ClosuresLids for the glass jars should have TFE-fluorocarbon polymer film or aluminum-
12、coated insert.5.3 Strip Samplers, 5 by 7.5 cm pieces of TFE-fluorocarbonpolymer sheets (0.25 mm thickness, or screen or fabric (5070mesh).5.4 Wooden Tongue Depressor.5.5 TFE-Fluorocarbon Polymer Net Sampling Kit.36. Reagents6.1 High Purity Solvents,4that must be used for rinsingsamplers and sample c
13、ontainers. The solvents which may beused are n-hexane, mixed hexanes, cyclohexane, pentane, ordichloromethane, acetone, or chloroform.1These practices are under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D19 on Waterand are the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D19.06 on Methods for Analysisfor Organic
14、Substances in Water.Current edition approved Dec. 15, 2006. Published February 2007. Originallyapproved in 1985. Last previous edition approved in 2001 as D 4489 95(2001).2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Ann
15、ual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3Sampling kit available from General Oceanics, Miami, FL, or equivalent, issuitable.4MCB Spectroquality solvents, available from MCB Manufacturing Chemists,Inc. (Associate of E. Merck, Darms
16、tadt, Germany), 480 Democrat Rd., Gibbstown,NJ 08027, or equivalent are suitable.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.7. Hazards7.1 Precaution: Extreme care should be exercised so as notto contaminate the samples or cause
17、their integrity to bequestioned.7.2 Warning: The rinsing solvents are volatile and, exceptfor dichloromethane, are flammable, and therefore should behandled with appropriate care. Dichloromethane will releasetoxic vapors when heated.7.3 Minimize contact with oil even when wearing gloves.8. General S
18、ampling Guidelines8.1 The objective is to obtain a sample for analysis that isrepresentative of the spilled oil. The most critical factors insampling are selecting a suitable location, collecting a sampleof oil with the least water possible (to minimize possiblesample alteration), and maintaining th
19、e sample integrity.8.2 It is recommended that at least three samples be taken ofeach waterborne oil in order to demonstrate the homogeneity ofthe spill. These samples should be taken in different regions ofthe oil slick at points where the accumulation is heaviest. Thiswill increase the volume of oi
20、l available for analysis. In theevent that multiple samples cannot be collected, then a singlesample should be collected from the area where the accumu-lation of oil visually appears to be the heaviest.8.3 The following general rules are applicable to samplingof waterborne oils:8.3.1 Take a sample t
21、hat contains sufficient oil for themethod or methods of analysis to be employed and for anyreplicate analyses that may be required.8.3.2 Affix a label or tag to the sample jar in such a mannerthat it becomes an integral part of the container. The label ortag should contain the following information:
22、 sample identifi-cation, date and time of collection, location of collection,signature of person collecting the sample, and at least onewitness to the collection.8.3.3 Pack the samples, ship, and manipulate prior toanalysis in a manner that maintains a continuous chain ofcustody and safeguards again
23、st tampering or changes in theproperties of the samples.8.4 Store collected samples at refrigerator temperatures (4to 5C).NOTE 1Storage at lower temperatures (10C or lower) may causeirreversible crystallization of waxes. Storage at 4 to 5C obviates thisproblem; biological degradation at 4 to 5C has
24、been found negligible overa 3 to 5 year storage with respect to qualitative identification of oil.PRACTICE AGRAB SAMPLING9. Scope9.1 This practice is applicable to thick layers of waterborneoil films, viscous oils, oil globules, and tar balls.9.2 This practice is also applicable to sampling oil stra
25、ndedon shorelines or oil-soaked debris.10. Summary of Practice10.1 The sampling consists of collecting the sample directlywith the sample container, that is, scooping the sample up inthe sample jar and sealing.11. Apparatus11.1 The sample container serves as the sampling device(see 5.1). The glass j
26、ars and lid liners should be rinsed threetimes with a high purity solvent (see 6.1), allowed to air dry,and assembled prior to use. Sample jars that are precleanedusing EPA recommended wash procedures for organics areacceptable.NOTE 2To avoid possible sample contamination, do not reuse samplecontain
27、ers, lids, or liners.11.2 Nitrile gloves are to be worn during sampling.11.3 A detachable ring for the sample jar and sampling polemay be useful to extend sampling range.12. Procedure for Floating Samples12.1 Select the sampling site.12.2 Unscrew the lid from the sample jar. Hold the jar inposition
28、for sampling; hold the lid in a free hand or place thelid in a safe position. Gently lower the sample jar into the waterand gently skim the oil layer or oil globules from the watersurface into the sample container. Continue the process untilthe sample container is approximately three-quarters full.1
29、2.3 Remove the sample container from the water surface,replace and tighten the lid. Invert the jar and allow thecontainer to stand in this position for 2 to 3 min.12.4 Gently unscrew the sample jar lid and allow the waterlayer to drain out of the inverted container. Seal the lid andreturn the jar to
30、 the upright position.12.5 Repeat 12.2 to 12.4, if necessary, until approximately60 mL of oil is collected, or until there is no increase in theamount of recovered oil.12.6 When the collection is complete, invert the jar andallow to stand for 10 min. Gently unscrew the lid to drain offexcess water a
31、 final time. Tighten the lid and return the jar tothe upright position. Wipe excess water and oil from theoutside surface of the sample container.12.7 Attach a sample label or tag to the container, bearingthe information cited in 8.3.2.13. Procedure for Shoreline Sampling (Oil on Sand andDebris)13.1
32、 Select a sampling site where oil accumulation islargest.13.2 Open the sample jar; hold the jar in one hand and lid inthe other. Using either the sample jar or the lid as a scoop, fillthe jar three-quarters full with oil-saturated material. Use awooden tongue depressor to maneuver the sample into th
33、e jar,if necessary.13.3 Replace and tighten the lid. Wipe excess material fromthe outside surfaces of the sample container and lid.13.4 Attach the sample label or tag to the container, bearingthe information cited in 8.3.2.PRACTICE BTFE-FLUOROCARBON POLYMERSAMPLERS14. Scope14.1 This practice is appl
34、icable to sampling all types of oilby preferential adherence to a film or sheet of TFE-fluorocarbon material. It depends in principle on the lipophilicD 4489 95 (2006)2properties of TFE-fluorocarbon polymer, that is, the preferen-tial adhesion of oil rather than of water to TFE-fluorocarbonpolymer.1
35、4.2 In general, the use of TFE-fluorocarbon polymerscreening (approximately 50 to 70 mesh) will collect signifi-cantly more oil than strips of sheet material.The screen reducesthe rate at which oil rolls off the surface and presents moresurface openings to trap oil droplets, thereby collecting moreo
36、il per unit area of film.14.3 TFE-fluorocarbon polymer mesh fabric sheets arecommercially available. These are the most efficient form ofTFE-fluorocarbon polymer for sampling oil.Although they canbe used directly in sheet form, this material can be fabricatedinto nets of design similar to a miniatur
37、e plankton net, furtherincreasing the ease with which the collection device can bebrought into contact with the oil sheen. There is little differencein the performance of the nets ranging from 100 to 200 micronmesh size.14.4 The efficiency of collecting oil increases as the viscos-ity of the oil inc
38、reases. This practice is particularly useful insampling highly weathered oils.15. Summary of Practice15.1 Sampling is accomplished by slowly dragging theTFE-fluorocarbon polymer through the slick and using itsnatural affinity to collect the oil.15.2 The procedure is for the use of strips of TFE-fluo
39、rocarbon polymer sheet, TFE-fluorocarbon screen or fabricscreen, or commercially available prefabricated nets withsupport rings.16. Materials16.1 TFE-fluorocarbon polymer can be obtained in sheets of0.25 mm thickness. To increase the efficiency of oil collection,sheets can be obtained containing fiv
40、e 1.5-mm holes per squarecentimetre. Higher oil collecting efficiency can be obtained byusing the previously mentioned 50 to 70-mesh screen (see14.2) or fabric (see 14.3).16.2 TFE-fluorocarbon polymer is cut into 5 by 7.5 cmstrips. Carefully rinse the strips with high purity solvent (see6.1) and air
41、 dry. Place eight strips in each sample jar that hasbeen precleaned as described in 11.1, and tightly seal the lids.16.3 Each jar, containing eight strips, is used for taking asingle sample. One jar is set aside in each sampling situationfor use as a blank in subsequent analyses.16.4 Clean tweezers,
42、 hemostats, or pliers are required forhandling the TFE-fluorocarbon strips to avoid contamination.16.5 TFE-fluorocarbon polymer mesh fabric, with 150 mdistance between the polymer threads, is available prefabri-cated into nets that are detachable from support rings. The netsand rings are cleaned and
43、 prepackaged with nitrile gloves inplastic bags. To avoid contaminating the nets with finger oils,it is critical to handle the nets only with the nitrile gloves.17. Sampling Waterborne Oils17.1 Select the sampling site where oil accumulation isheaviest.17.2 For the strip technique, remove the lid fr
44、om the samplejar. Using precleaned tweezers, hemostats, or pliers as holders,carefully lay the TFE-fluorocarbon strips on the inverted lid.Using the holder, take the strips one at a time, and gently dragthem through the slick. Expose both sides of the TFE-fluorocarbon polymer strip to the slick by t
45、urning the strip overand dragging it again through the slick, taking care not to getoil on the tweezers, hemostats, or pliers. Place the strip in theempty sample jar as quickly as possible to prevent loss of oil.17.3 Repeat 17.2 until all eight strips have been used.NOTE 3For extremely thin sheets,
46、it is recommended that 16 strips beused, rather than 8.17.4 For the net technique, remove the nitrile gloves fromthe kit. Do not handle anything other than the sample kit.Remove the net from its sealed bag using the handle of thesupport ring to which it is attached. If necessary, attach the netsuppo
47、rt ring to the extension pole. Do not allow the net to comeinto contact with anything other than the spill.17.5 Take the sample by skimming through the sheen andstraining the oily water through the net. Make sure that thesheen is entering through the mouth of the net and strainingthrough the fine me
48、sh of the net. Slowly skim the surface withthe net back and forth through the full length of the sheen atleast eight times.17.6 While still wearing the gloves, unclip the net from thesupport ring and place the net into a clean sample jar. Expectsome water to remain in the jar. Touch the net material
49、 as littleas possible. Discard the gloves.17.7 Attach each jar lid and tighten.17.8 Attach a sample label or tag to each container, bearingthe information cited in 8.3.2.18. Keywords18.1 oil identification; sampling; spilled oil; TFE-fluorocarbon polymer sampler; waterborne petroleum oilsASTM International takes no position respecting the validity of any patent rights asserted in connection with any item mentionedin this standard. Users of this standard are expressly advised that determination of the validity of any such patent rights, and the riskof infringement o
