1、Designation: D4504 94 (Reapproved 2018)Standard Specification forMolded Polyethylene Open-Head-Pails for IndustrialShipping of Nonhazardous Goods1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D4504; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in
2、the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This specification covers molded polyethylene, open-head, self-supporting, nonreusab
3、le pails intended for the pack-aging and transportation of nonhazardous goods. Pails are tohave volume capacities between 1 and 7 gal (3.8 to 26.5 L).1.2 Pails intended to contain hazardous goods (materials)shall be in accordance with and tested to United StatesDepartment of Transportation Code of F
4、ederal Regulations(CFR) Title 49, Parts (100199).1.3 The purpose of this specification is to establish perfor-mance requirements and test methods for molded open-headpolyethylene pails.1.4 Additives for the resin used and design of the pails areleft to the discretion of the supplier, within the allo
5、wable limitsof regulatory and performance requirements.1.5 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regardedas standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematicalconversions to SI units that are provided for information onlyand are not considered standard.1.6 The following safety hazar
6、ds caveat pertains to the testmethod portions, Section 10, of this specification: This stan-dard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, ifany, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the userof this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, andenvironmental prac
7、tices and determine the applicability ofregulatory limitations prior to use.1.7 This international standard was developed in accor-dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-ization established in the Decision on Principles for theDevelopment of International Standards, Guides and
8、Recom-mendations issued by the World Trade Organization TechnicalBarriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D445 Test Method for Kinematic Viscosity of Transparentand Opaque Liquids (and Calculation of Dynamic Viscos-ity)D996 Terminology of Packaging and Distributio
9、n Environ-mentsD999 Test Methods for Vibration Testing of Shipping Con-tainersD1972 Practice for Generic Marking of Plastic Products(Withdrawn 2014)3D1975 Test Method for Environmental Stress Crack Resis-tance of Plastic Injection Molded Open Head PailsD4577 Test Method for Compression Resistance of
10、 a Con-tainer Under Constant LoadD5276 Test Method for Drop Test of Loaded Containers byFree FallE4 Practices for Force Verification of Testing Machines2.2 Other Documents:National Motor Freight Classification (NMFC)4Uniform Freight Classification (UFC)5Code of Federal Regulations Title 49 Parts 100
11、199 (CFR49)63. Terminology3.1 DefinitionsFor definitions of terms used in thisspecification, see Terminology D996.3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.2.1 open-head paila pail with a full-diameter unre-stricted opening at the top, and designed to be carried by hand.1This specificatio
12、n is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D10 onPackaging and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D10.21 on ShippingContainers and Systems - Application of Performance Test Methods.Current edition approved March 1, 2018. Published April 2018. Originallyapproved in 1985. Last previous ed
13、ition approved in 2011 as D4504 94 (2011).DOI: 10.1520/D4504-94R18.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM we
14、bsite.3The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced onwww.astm.org.4Available from National Motor Freight Traffic Association, Inc. (NMFTA),1001 N. Fairfax St., Suite 600, Alexandria, VA 22314, http:/www.nmfta.org.5Available from National Railroad Freight Committee, Suite 1120
15、, 222 SouthRiverside Plaza, Chicago, IL 60606.6Available from U.S. Government Printing Office Superintendent of Documents,732 N. Capitol St., NW, Mail Stop: SDE, Washington, DC 20401, http:/www.access.gpo.gov.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 194
16、28-2959. United StatesThis international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for theDevelopment of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Techn
17、ical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.1The pail body is usually of a tapered design to provide fornesting of pails during transportation and storage, prior tofilling of contents. After filling of contents, the pail lid isapplied to the pail body, providing a sealed container forstorage and shipment
18、 of the contents. The pail lid may alsohave openings or fitments to allow for dispensing of contentswithout removing the lid. These openings are sealed withclosures.3.2.1.1 DiscussionThe definition for open-head pail forhazardous materials differs (see Section 49 CFR Parts 100 to199).4. Classificati
19、on4.1 Products to be packaged in open-head pails may beliquid (Note 1), solid, paste, granular, or powder form.NOTE 1For the purpose of establishing test requirements, a liquid ishere defined as having a viscosity of less than 5.0 Pa.S at a temperature of73.46 3.6F (23 6 2C), using the method descri
20、bed in Test MethodD445.4.2 Molded polyethylene open-head pails are classified asfollows:4.2.1 Pails for liquids.4.2.2 Pails for nonliquids.5. Ordering Information5.1 A summary of ordering requirements, detailed in othersections of this specification include the following:5.1.1 Materials of construct
21、ion (see Section 6).5.1.2 Ultraviolet protection (see 6.2).5.1.3 Other materials not specifically covered in this speci-fication (see 6.3 and 6.4).5.1.4 Pail capacity (see 7.2).5.1.5 Closure requirements, including tamper evident fea-ture (see 7.3).5.1.6 Provisions for handling.5.1.7 Compatibility t
22、esting (see 7.8 and 7.9).5.1.8 Inspection (see Section 11).5.1.9 Marking (see Section 13).5.1.10 Intended contents.5.1.11 Whether pressure testing is required.6. Materials6.1 Materials for the construction of the pail shall becompatible with the intended contents. Effects of impact,vibration, temper
23、ature, warehouse stacking, and ultravioletexposure should be considered.6.2 If ultraviolet protection is required, it shall be providedby the addition of carbon black or other suitable pigments withultraviolet stabilizers and inhibitors. These additives should becompatible with the contents and shou
24、ld retain their effective-ness during the life of the pail.6.3 Materials for purposes other than ultraviolet protectionmay be added, provided such additives permit the pail to meetthe requirements of this specification.6.4 Used materials, except regrind from the same concur-rent production process s
25、hall not be acceptable for manufac-turing new pails unless otherwise specified.7. Other Requirements7.1 The pail shall show good workmanship such as absenceof flashing, dents, and scratched surfaces.7.2 CapacityPails covered by this specification shall berange in rated (marked) capacity from 1 to 7
26、gal (3.8 to 26.5 L).Minimum actual liquid capacity shall not be less than ratedcapacity plus 4 %, and maximum actual capacity shall not begreater than 4 % above rated capacity plus one quart, measuredwith cover attached and contents and pail at 73.4 6 5F (23.86 3C).7.3 ClosureThe closure for the pai
27、l (when used) shall bein compliance with carrier regulatory requirements and shallensure protection of contents from leakage, ease of closure, andremoval. Gaskets, when used with the closure, and the closure,shall be compatible with the intended contents.7.4 Drop Strength The pails shall show no evi
28、dence ofrupture, cracks, or leakage when tested in accordance with10.2.1.7.5 Stacking StrengthTwo vertically stacked pails shallwithstand testing without sidewall buckling sufficient to causedamage and shall have a total top-to-bottom deflection of bothpails of not more than 1 in. (25.4 mm), when te
29、sted inaccordance with 10.2.2. In addition, there shall be no evidenceof leakage or sifting of contents from the pail when tested inaccordance with 10.2.2.2.7.6 Vibration (Stack)The pails shall show no evidence ofrupture, cracks, or leakage when tested in accordance with10.2.3.7.7 Repetitive Shock T
30、est (Optional)The pails shall showno evidence of rupture, cracks, or leakage when tested inaccordance with 10.2.4.7.8 Compatibility, PermeationThe pail shall perform sat-isfactorily when tested in accordance with 10.2.5.7.9 Resistance to Environmental Stress CrackingThe pailshall perform satisfactor
31、ily when tested in accordance with10.2.5.3.7.10 Special RequirementsPail requirements, additional tothose in 7.2 through 7.9, if needed by a purchaser, must bespecified in the procurement document and as agreed betweenpurchaser and supplier.8. Sampling8.1 LottingA lot shall consist of all pails of o
32、ne size anddesign, produced from the same materials and under essentiallythe same manufacturing conditions and offered for delivery atone time.8.2 Sampling Pails Select sample pails for test at randomfrom a continuous production lot. As a minimum, the numberof pails required is 17 as outlined for de
33、sign qualification tests(see Section 10 and Supplementary Requirements).9. Specimen Preparation9.1 Prepare pail specimens in accordance with NMFC, item258 and UFC Rule 40, where applicable, and as agreedbetween the pail purchaser and supplier.D4504 94 (2018)210. Methods of Testing Pails for Design Q
34、ualification10.1 GeneralThe test procedures described in this sectionare to be used to determine physical performance capability ofa specific design and thereby, to qualify such a design under theperformance requirements of this specification. Additionalsampling and testing of these pails, as may be
35、 agreed uponbetween purchaser and supplier, is not precluded by thissection. Test methods to determine compatibility of the con-tents (lading) with the pail will depend on the specific contentsto be contained. If the available technical information and prioruse experience cannot substantiate an appl
36、ication decision, itshall be the responsibility of the shipper of the filled pail toensure that the content is compatible with the pail, and that ifthe content is liquid, that it will not permeate to an extent thata damaging condition could be caused during transportation,storage, and handling.10.2
37、Specific Test Methods for Design Qualification:10.2.1 Drop Strength Test:10.2.1.1 Perform drop strength test on pails intended fornonhazardous liquids and nonliquids as follows:10.2.1.2 Perform drop tests in accordance with Test MethodD5276 (without the rupture hazard).10.2.1.3 Conditioning PailsFil
38、l each of nine pails to nomore than the marked gross weight at normal outage with thematerial to be contained, or a material of similar density andviscosity. Securely close the cover, and stabilize the tempera-ture of the pails and contents at 0F (18C). Then exposethem at that temperature for a mini
39、mum of 4 h. At the end ofthe temperature conditioning period, remove the pails andimmediately perform the drop test.10.2.1.4 Drop Test Procedure (see Test Method D5276)Test the pails with a 4 ft. (1.22 m) drop. Use three pails perorientation: (1) The pail striking flat on its side, (2)Onthebottom ch
40、ime with the center of gravity of the pails directlyabove the point of impact, and ( 3) The pail striking flat on thebottom. Do not use any one pail for more than one drop. Forpails containing liquid, a loss of a few drops through theclosure or gasket area at impact is not to be considered failureif
41、 5 min after dropping, the pails are rolled for a distance equalto twice its circumference, and no further leakage occurs.Otherwise, leakage or sifting out of contents constitutes failure.NOTE 2Uniform Freight Classification, Rule 40 and National MotorFreight Classification, Item 258 require a 45 an
42、gle at impact.10.2.2 Stacking StrengthThe stacking test shall conformto Test Method D4577. If a compression testing machine isused, it shall be capable of applying a constant force to anaccuracy of 61 % when determined in accordance with Prac-tices E4.10.2.2.1 Conditioning Pails for Stacking Strengt
43、h TestFilltwo sample pails with intended contents, or a material ofsimilar properties, to nominal capacity and close securely as iffor use. Expose the filled pails to a temperature of at least130F (54.4C) for 4 h after its contents have attained atemperature of at least 130F. Immediately proceed to
44、test forstacking strength.10.2.2.2 Stacking Strength Test Procedure (see Test MethodD4577)Stack the one pail on top of the other on a flathorizontal surface in an ambient temperature environment of73.4 6 3.6F (23 6 2C).Apply a top-load mass of 600 lb (272kg) evenly to the top rim of the top pail and
45、 leave in place fora minimum of 48 h. Observe for collapse, leakage of contents,and overall stack deflection of both pails at the conclusion ofthe test period of 48 h. Remove the top pail, then after waitingfor a minimum of 5 min, turn the bottom pail on its side, rollit a distance equivalent to twi
46、ce its circumference and observefor leakage or sifting of contents. Any leakage or sifting ofcontents constitutes failure.NOTE 3The forces for stacking test are a minimum based uponrequirements of NMFC, Item 258 and UFC Rule 40. Consideration shouldbe given to using a stacking force based upon actua
47、l shipping experience.NOTE 4Caution: The potential exists for catastrophic failure causingan instability of the applied top load. Precautionary steps should be taken(that is, through restraining the top load) to reduce the chance of injury tothe operator or damage to surrounding equipment.10.2.3 Vib
48、ration Test (Vertical Column Stack ResonanceTest)Test three vertically stacked pails by vibrating asfollows.10.2.3.1 Perform vibration test on pails for nonhazardousliquids and nonliquids in accordance with the vibration testrequirements of NMFC, Item 258, and UFC, Rule 40, using theprocedures of Me
49、thods D999, Method C, but restricting theresonant frequency dwell to a vertical linear motion for aperiod of 1 h.10.2.3.2 ResultsRemove each pail from the table at onceafter vibrating, and turn it on its side. Then roll it a distanceequal to twice its circumference. Observe for leakage or siftingof contents. Failure of any pail or leakage shall be cause forrejection of the lot (see Section 12).10.2.4 Repetitive Shock Test (Optional):10.2.4.1 The repetitive shock test shall conform to MethodsD999 (Method A1).10.2.4.2 Condition Pails Fill ea
