1、Designation: D 4516 00 (Reapproved 2006)e1Standard Practice forStandardizing Reverse Osmosis Performance Data1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 4516; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of l
2、ast revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.e1NOTESections 2 and 3.1 were updated editorially in February 2007.1. Scope1.1 This practice covers the standardization of permeat
3、eflow and salt passage data for reverse osmosis (RO) systems.1.2 This practice is applicable to waters including brackishwaters and seawaters but is not necessarily applicable to wastewaters.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It
4、is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D 1129 Terminology Relating to WaterD 4194 Test Methods for Operating Characteris
5、tics of Re-verse Osmosis and Nanofiltration DevicesD 6161 Terminology Used for Microfiltration, Ultrafiltra-tion, Nanofiltration and Reverse Osmosis Membrane Pro-cesses3. Terminology3.1 For definitions of terms used in this practice, refer toTerminologies D 1129 and D 6161.3.2 For description of ter
6、ms relating to reverse osmosis,refer to Test Method D 4194 and Terminology D 6161.4. Summary of Practice4.1 This practice consists of calculating the permeate flowand salt passage of RO systems at a standard set of conditionsusing data obtained at actual operating conditions.5. Significance and Use5
7、.1 During the operation of an RO system, system condi-tions such as pressure, temperature, conversion, and feedconcentration can vary, causing permeate flow and salt passageto change. To effectively evaluate system performance, it isnecessary to compare permeate flow and salt passage data atthe same
8、 conditions. Since data may not always be obtained atthe same conditions, it is necessary to convert the RO dataobtained at actual conditions to a set of selected constantconditions, thereby standardizing the data. This practice givesthe procedure to standardize RO data.5.2 This practice can be used
9、 for both spiral wound andhollow fiber systems.5.3 This practice can be used for a single element or amulti-element system. However, if the RO system is brinestaged, that is, the brine from one group of RO devices is thefeed to a second group of RO devices, standardize the permeateflow and salt pass
10、age for each stage separately.5.4 This practice is applicable for reverse osmosis systemswith high rejections and with no significant leaks between thefeed-brine and permeate streams.6. Procedure6.1 Standardization of Permeate Flow:6.1.1 Calculate the permeate flow at standard conditionsusing Eq 1:Q
11、ps5FPfs2DPfbs22 Pps2pfbs1ppsGTCFs!FPfa2DPfba22 Ppa2pfba1ppaGTCFa!Qpa! (1)where:Qps= permeate flow at standard conditions,Pfs= feed pressure at standard conditions, kpa,DPfbs2= one half device pressure drop at standard condi-tions, kpa,Pps= permeate pressure at standard conditions, kpa,pfbs= feed-bri
12、ne osmotic pressure at standard condi-tions, kpa,pps= permeate osmotic pressure at standard condi-tions, kpa,1This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D19 on Water andis the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D19.08 on Membranes and IonExchange Materials.Current edition approved
13、Dec. 15, 2006. Published February 2007. Originallyapproved in 1985. Last previous edition approved in 2000 as D 4516 00 .2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refe
14、r to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.TCFs= temperature correction factor at standard condi-tions,Qpa= permeate flow at actual conditions,Pfa= feed pressure at act
15、ual conditions, kpa,DPfba2= one half device pressure drop at actual condi-tions, kpa,Ppa= permeate pressure at actual conditions, kpa,pfba= feed-brine osmotic pressure at actual conditions,kpa,ppa= permeate osmotic pressure at actual conditions,kpa, andTCFa= temperature correction factor at actual c
16、ondi-tions.6.2 Standardization of Salt Passage:6.2.1 Calculate the salt passage at standard conditionsusing Eq 2:%SPs5 EPFa/EPFs# 3 STCFa/STCFs# 3 Cfbs/Cfba! 3 Cfa/Cfs!3 %SPa(2)where:%SPs= percent salt passage normalized to standard (ref-erence) conditions,%SPa= percent salt passage at actual condit
17、ions,EPFs= average element permeate flow at standard (ref-erence) conditions,EPFa= average element permeate flow at actual condi-tions,STCFs= salt transport temperature correction factor atstandard (reference) conditions,STCFa= salt transport temperature correction factor atactual conditions,Cfbs= f
18、eed-brine concentration at standard (reference)conditions, mg/L NaCl,Cfba= feed-brine concentration at actual conditions,mg/L NaCl,Cfa= feed concentration at actual conditions, mg/LNaCl, andCfs= feed concentration at standard (reference) condi-tions, mg/L NaCl.NOTE 1The average element permeate flow
19、 is permeate flow of theRO system divided by the number of membrane elements operating in thesystem.NOTE 2Permeate flow at the standard conditions is the nominalpermeate flow of membrane element specified by the membrane manu-facturer, or average permeate flow of membrane element at the operatingcon
20、ditions, selected as a reference conditions. The value of EPFsmay bedifferent then the value of Qpscalculated using Eq 1.NOTE 3In Eq 2, STCFsand STCFaare dependent on the membranetype material and configuration. Obtain equations for STCFsand STCFafrom supplier of the device. If unavailable use TCFsa
21、nd TCFarespec-tively (Eq 3 and 4).6.3 In Eq 1, TCFsand TCFaare dependent on the type ofdevice (spiral or hollow fiber) and on the membrane type(cellulose acetate, polyamide, composite). Obtain equations forTCFsand TCFafrom the supplier of device. If unavailable useEq 3 and Eq 4.TCFs5 1.03Ts225!(3)TC
22、Fa5 1.03Ta225!(4)where:Ts= temperature at standard conditions, C, andTa= temperature at actual conditions, C.6.4 In Eq 1 and Eq 2, pfbaand pfbsare calculated from theconcentration of salt (expressed as mg/L NaCl) in the feed andbrine streams. See Annex A1 for the procedure to calculate theconcentrat
23、ions of salt in feed stream as mg/L NaCl.6.4.1 The concentration of salt in the brine stream iscalculated using Eq 5:Cb5 Cf/1 2 Y! (5)where:Cb= concentration of salt in the brine, mg/L NaCl,Cf= concentration of salt in the feed, mg/L NaCl, andY = conversion, expressed as a decimal.6.4.2 The feed-bri
24、ne concentration for some RO devices isbased on an average (Eq 6):Cfb5 Cf1 Cb!/2 (6)and for other RO devices, the feed-brine concentration isbased on a log mean average (Eq 7):Cfb5 Cfln1/1 Y!#/Y (7)Consult supplier of device to determine whether Eq 6 or Eq7 should be used.6.4.3 Calculate pfbusing Eq
25、 8:pfb5 0.2654 CfbT 1 273.15!/1000 2 Cfb/1000! (8)6.5 The value for DPfbs/2 in Eq 1 and Eq 2 is a selected andconstant value. A realistic value can be obtained from thesupplier of the RO device.6.6 To calculate ppsand ppain Eq 1 and Eq 2 use Eq 9 forbrackish water and Eq 10 for seawater as follows:p
26、p5 0.05 pfb(9)pp5 0.01 pfb(10)6.7 To obtain the most accurate standardization, the stan-dard conditions should be set close to the average actualconditions.6.8 Proper calibration and reading of instrumentation iscritical for accurate actual RO data.6.9 For large differences in pressure between actua
27、l andstandard conditions, the standardized salt passage can beinaccurate if ions whose passage are independent of pressureare present to a significant extent. Consult supplier of ROdevice to determine if modification to the salt passage equationis needed.7. Use of Computers for Standardization7.1 Th
28、e calculations in this practice are adaptable to simplecomputer analysis.D 4516 00 (2006)e12ANNEX(Mandatory Information)A1. CALCULATION FOR CONCENTRATION OF SALT IN RO FEED STREAM AS mg/L NaClA1.1 First calculate the osmotic pressure of the RO feed(pf) in kPa using Eq A1.1.pf5 8.308f Tf1 273.15! (mi
29、(A1.1)where:f = osmotic coefficient,Tf= temperature of feed stream, C, and( mi= summation of molalities of all ionic and non-ionicconstituents in the water.NOTE A1.1Estimates of osmotic coefficients for brackish and seawa-ter of 0.93 and 0.90, respectively, can be used in Eq A1.1.A1.2 Calculate the
30、concentration of salt in the RO feed (Cf)as mg/L NaCl using Eq A1.2:Cf5 1000 pf/0.2654 Tf1 273.15! 1pf/1000 (A1.2)ASTM International takes no position respecting the validity of any patent rights asserted in connection with any item mentionedin this standard. Users of this standard are expressly adv
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33、f you feel that your comments have not received a fair hearing you shouldmake your views known to the ASTM Committee on Standards, at the address shown below.This standard is copyrighted by ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959,United States. Individual reprints (single or multiple copies) of this standard may be obtained by contacting ASTM at the aboveaddress or at 610-832-9585 (phone), 610-832-9555 (fax), or serviceastm.org (e-mail); or through the ASTM website(www.astm.org).D 4516 00 (2006)e13
