1、Designation: D4529 17Designation: 381/97Standard Test Method forEstimation of Net Heat of Combustion of Aviation Fuels1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D4529; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the y
2、ear of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope*1.1 This test method covers the estimation of the net heat ofcombustion at constant pressure in metric (SI) units,
3、 mega-joules per kilogram.1.2 This test method is purely empirical, and it is applicableonly to liquid hydrocarbon fuels derived by normal refiningprocesses from conventional crude oil which conform to therequirements of specifications for aviation gasolines or aircraftturbine and jet engine fuels o
4、f limited boiling ranges andcompositions as described in Note 1.NOTE 1The estimation of the net heat of combustion of a hydrocarbonfuel from its aniline point temperature and density is justifiable only whenthe fuel belongs to a well-defined class for which a relationship betweenthese quantities has
5、 been derived from accurate experimental measure-ments on representative samples of that class. Even in this class, thepossibility that the estimates can be in error by large amounts forindividual fuels should be recognized. The JP-8 fuel, although notexperimentally tested, has properties similar to
6、 JP-5 and Jet A fuels andcan be considered in the same class. The classes of fuels used to establishthe correlation presented in this test method are represented by thefollowing applications:Fuel SpecificationAviation gasoline fuels: Specification D910Grades 80, UL82, UL87, 90, 91, UL91,94, UL94, 10
7、0/100LL/100VLLSpecification D6227Specification D7547Specification D7592Aviation turbine fuels: Specification D6615Jet B, JP-4 MIL-DTL-5624JP-5 MIL-DTL-5624JP-8 MIL-DTL-83133Jet A, Jet A-1 Specification D1655Specification D7223Specification D75661.3 The net heat of combustion can also be estimated by
8、Test Methods D1405 or D3338. Test Method D1405 requirescalculation of one of four equations dependent on the fuel typewith the precision equivalent to that of this test method,whereas Test Method D3338 requires calculation of a singleequation for aviation fuel with a precision equivalent to thattest
9、 method.1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded asstandard. No other units of measurement are included in thisstandard.1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establ
10、ish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D129 Test Method for Sulfur in Petroleum Products (Gen-eral High Pressure Decomposition Device Method)D240 Test Method for Heat of Combustio
11、n of Liquid Hy-drocarbon Fuels by Bomb CalorimeterD611 Test Methods for Aniline Point and Mixed AnilinePoint of Petroleum Products and Hydrocarbon SolventsD910 Specification for Leaded Aviation GasolinesD941 Test Method for Density and Relative Density (Spe-cific Gravity) of Liquids by Lipkin Bicapi
12、llary Pycnom-eter (Withdrawn 1993)3D1217 Test Method for Density and Relative Density (Spe-cific Gravity) of Liquids by Bingham PycnometerD1250 Guide for Use of the Petroleum Measurement TablesD1266 Test Method for Sulfur in Petroleum Products (LampMethod)D1298 Test Method for Density, Relative Dens
13、ity, or APIGravity of Crude Petroleum and Liquid Petroleum Prod-ucts by Hydrometer MethodD1405 Test Method for Estimation of Net Heat of Combus-tion of Aviation Fuels1This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D02 onPetroleum Products, Liquid Fuels, and Lubricants and is the direct
14、 responsibility ofSubcommittee D02.05 on Properties of Fuels, Petroleum Coke and Carbon Material.Current edition approved Jan. 1, 2017. Published February 2017. Originallyapproved in 1985. Last previous edition approved in 2011 as D4529 01(2011).DOI: 10.1520/D4529-17.2For referenced ASTM standards,
15、visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced onwww.astm.org.*A Summar
16、y of Changes section appears at the end of this standardCopyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United StatesThis international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established i
17、n the Decision on Principles for theDevelopment of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.1D1655 Specification for Aviation Turbine FuelsD2622 Test Method for Sulfur in Petroleum Products byWavelength Dis
18、persive X-ray Fluorescence SpectrometryD3120 Test Method for Trace Quantities of Sulfur in LightLiquid Petroleum Hydrocarbons by Oxidative Microcou-lometryD3338 Test Method for Estimation of Net Heat of Combus-tion of Aviation FuelsD4052 Test Method for Density, Relative Density, and APIGravity of L
19、iquids by Digital Density MeterD4294 Test Method for Sulfur in Petroleum and PetroleumProducts by Energy Dispersive X-ray Fluorescence Spec-trometryD4809 Test Method for Heat of Combustion of LiquidHydrocarbon Fuels by Bomb Calorimeter (PrecisionMethod)D5453 Test Method for Determination of Total Su
20、lfur inLight Hydrocarbons, Spark Ignition Engine Fuel, DieselEngine Fuel, and Engine Oil by Ultraviolet FluorescenceD6227 Specification for Unleaded Aviation Gasoline Con-taining a Non-hydrocarbon ComponentD6615 Specification for Jet B Wide-Cut Aviation TurbineFuelD7039 Test Method for Sulfur in Gas
21、oline, Diesel Fuel, JetFuel, Kerosine, Biodiesel, Biodiesel Blends, andGasoline-Ethanol Blends by Monochromatic WavelengthDispersive X-ray Fluorescence SpectrometryD7223 Specification for Aviation Certification Turbine FuelD7547 Specification for Hydrocarbon Unleaded AviationGasolineD7566 Specificat
22、ion for Aviation Turbine Fuel ContainingSynthesized HydrocarbonsD7592 Specification for Specification for Grade 94 Un-leaded Aviation Gasoline Certification and Test Fuel(Withdrawn 2016)32.2 U.S. Military Standards:4MIL-DTL-5624 Turbine Fuel, Aviation, Grades JP-4 andJP-5MIL-DTL-83133 Aviation Turbi
23、ne Fuel, Kerosene Types,JP-8 (NATO F-34), NATO F-35, and JP-8+100 (NATOF-37)3. Summary of Test Method3.1 The aniline point, density, and sulfur content of thesample are determined by experimental test methods and thenet heat of combustion is calculated using the values obtainedby these test methods
24、based on reported correlations.5,6,74. Significance and Use4.1 This test method is intended for use as a guide in caseswhere an experimental determination of heat of combustion isnot available and cannot be made conveniently, and where anestimate is considered satisfactory. It is not intended as asu
25、bstitute for experimental measurements of heat of combus-tion (Note 2).NOTE 2The procedures for the experimental determination of thegross and net heats of combustion are described in Test Methods D240 andD4809.4.2 The net heat of combustion is a factor in the perfor-mance of all aviation fuels. Bec
26、ause the exhaust of aircraftengines contains uncondensed water vapors, the energy re-leased by fuel in vaporizing water cannot be recovered andmust be subtracted from gross heat of combustion determina-tions to calculate net heat of combustion. For high performanceweight-limited aircraft, the net he
27、at of combustion per unitmass and the mass of fuel loaded determine the total saferange. The proper operation of the aircraft engine also requiresa certain minimum net energy of combustion per unit volumeof fuel delivered.4.3 Because the heat of combustion of hydrocarbon fuel-mixtures are slowly var
28、ying functions of the physical proper-ties of the mixtures, the heat of combustion of the mixtures canoften be estimated with adequate accuracy from simple fieldtests of density and aniline point temperature, without theelaborate apparatus needed for calorimetry.4.4 The empirical quadratic equation
29、for the net heat ofcombustion of a sulfur-free fuel was derived by the method ofleast squares from accurate measurements on fuels, most ofwhich conformed to specifications for fuels found in Note 1and were chosen to cover a range of values of properties. Thosefuels not meeting specifications were ch
30、osen to extend therange of densities and aniline-point temperatures above andbelow the specification limits to avoid end effects. The sulfurcorrection was found by a simultaneous least-squares regres-sion analysis of sulfur-containing fuels among those tested.5. Procedure5.1 Determine the aniline po
31、int temperature of the sample tothe nearest 0.05 C as described in Test Methods D611.5.2 Determine the density at 15 C of the sample to thenearest 0.5 kg m3as described in Test Methods D941, D1217,D1298, D4052, or Guide D1250.5.3 Determine the sulfur content of the sample to the nearest0.02 % by mas
32、s sulfur as described in Test Methods D129,D1266, D2622, D3120, D4294, D5453,orD7039.6. Calculation6.1 Calculate the net heat of combustion using either Pro-cedure A or B.4Available for electronic download at ASSIST Quick Search (http:/quicksearch.dla.mil). The ASSIST Quick Search website is the off
33、icial US Depart-ment of Defense depository for public releasable specifications, standards andhandbooks.5Armstrong, G. T., Fano, L., Jessup, R. S. Maraatz, S., Mears, T. W., and Walker,J. A., “Net Heat of Combustion and Other Properties of Kerosine and RelatedFuels,” Journal of Chemical and Engineer
34、ing Data, National Institute for Standardsand Technology, Washington, DC, Vol 7, No. 1, January 1962, pp. 107117.6Cogliance, J. A., and Jessup, R. S., “Relation Between Net Heat of Combustionand Aniline-Gravity Product of Aircraft Fuels,” ASTM Bulletin, ASTBA. No. 201.October 1954, p. 55 (TP 217); a
35、lso the National Institute for Standards andTechnology findings as reported by Armstrong, G. T., Jessup, R. S., and Mears, T.W., “Net Heat of Combustion of Aviation Gasoline and its Correlation with OtherProperties,”Journal of Chemical and Engineering Data, Vol 3, 1958, pp. 2028.7Nuttall, R. L., and
36、 Armstrong, G. T., “Estimation of Net Enthalpies of SomeAviation Fuels Expressed in the International System of Units (SI),” NIST TechnicalNote 937, April 1977.D4529 1726.1.1 Procedure A (By Equation)Insert the measuredvalues in (Eq 1) and calculate Qp, the net heat of combustionat constant pressure
37、 on a sulfur-free basis (Note 3).Qp 5 22.9596 2 0.0126587 A (1)126640.9 1/!132.622 A/!26.69030 31025A!22 9 217 760 1/!2where: = density at 15 C, kg m3,A = aniline point temperature, C, andQp = net heat of combustion on sulfur-free basis, MJ/kg.NOTE 3In SI units the heat of combustion has the unit J/
38、kg, but forpractical purposes a multiple is more convenient. The megajoule perkilogram (MJ/kg) is 106J/kg and is customarily used for the representa-tion of heats of combustion of petroleum fuels, particularly for mixturessuch as those covered in this international standard.6.1.2 Procedure B (See Ta
39、ble 1)Make a linear interpola-tion between rows bracketing the density and within columnsbracketing the aniline point of the sample. Then make a linearinterpolation for the aniline point within the row for thecalculated density to obtain Qp.6.2 Calculate the net heat of combustion, Qp, corrected for
40、sulfur content in accordance with the following equation:Qp 5 Qp 2 0.1163 S (2)where:S = sulfur content, percent by mass.6.3 Calculate the volumetric net heat of combustion inaccordance with the following equation:qp5 Qp 31023(3)where:qp= volumetric heat of combustion, MJ/L.7. Report7.1 Report the f
41、ollowing information:7.1.1 Report the result for the net heat of combustion inMJ/kg to the nearest 0.001.7.1.2 Report the result for the volumetric net heat ofcombustion qpin MJ/L to the nearest 0.001, if required.8. Precision and Bias88.1 PrecisionThe following criteria shall be used forjudging the
42、 acceptability of estimated heat of combustionresults (95 % confidence) when using data on the aniline pointtemperature, the density, and the sulfur content of a fueldetermined by Test Methods D611, D1298, and D129, respec-tively (Note 4):8.1.1 RepeatabilityThe difference between two testresults, ob
43、tained by the same operator with the same apparatusunder constant operating conditions on identical test material,would in the long run, in the normal and correct operation ofthe test method, exceed the following values only in one casein twenty:Repeatability 0.012 MJ/kg or 5 BTU/lb8The precision is
44、 based on the conversion of data in Test Method D1405 to SIunits and the calculations using this test method.TABLE 1 Net Heat of CombustionFuel, kg/m3103Qp, MJ/kgA,C20 30 40 50 60 70 800.6500 42.8522 43.1941 43.5225 43.8376 44.1393 44.4276 44.70260.6600 42.8721 43.2064 43.5272 43.8347 44.1288 44.409
45、5 44.67680.6700 42.8819 43.2087 43.5222 43.8223 44.1090 44.3824 44.64230.6800 42.8823 43.2020 43.5083 43.8013 44.0808 44.3470 44.59980.6900 42.8743 43.1870 43.4864 43.7723 44.0449 44.3042 44.55000.7000 42.8584 43.1644 43.4570 43.7362 44.0021 44.2545 44.49360.7100 42.8354 43.1348 43.4209 43.6935 43.9
46、528 44.1987 44.43130.7200 42.8059 43.0990 43.3786 43.6449 43.8973 44.1373 44.36350.7300 42.7704 43.0573 43.3307 43.5908 43.8375 44.0708 44.29080.7400 42.7295 43.0103 43.2778 43.5318 43.7725 43.9997 44.21360.7500 42.6837 42.9586 43.2201 43.4683 43.7031 43.9245 44.13250.7600 42.6332 42.9024 43.1582 43
47、.4007 43.6297 43.8454 44.04770.7700 42.5787 42.8423 43.0925 43.3294 43.5529 43.7630 43.95970.7800 42.5203 42.7785 43.0233 43.2547 43.4728 43.6775 43.86870.7900 42.4585 42.7114 42.9509 43.1771 43.3898 43.5892 43.77520.8000 42.3936 42.6413 42.8757 43.0967 43.3043 43.4985 43.67930.8100 42.3258 42.5685
48、42.7978 43.0138 43.2163 43.4055 43.58130.8200 42.2555 42.4933 42.7177 42.9287 43.1264 43.3106 43.48150.8300 42.1828 42.4158 42.6354 42.8417 43.0345 43.2140 43.38010.8400 42.1080 42.3363 42.5513 42.7528 42.9410 43.1158 43.27720.8500 42.0313 42.2551 42.4655 42.6624 42.8460 43.0163 43.17310.8600 41.952
49、9 42.1722 42.3781 42.5707 42.7498 42.9156 43.06500.8700 41.8730 42.0879 42.2895 42.4777 42.6524 42.8138 42.96190.8800 41.7917 42.0024 42.1997 42.3836 42.5541 42.7112 42.85500.8900 41.7092 41.9157 42.1085 42.2886 42.4549 42.6079 42.7475D4529 1738.1.2 ReproducibilityThe difference between two singleand independent results obtained by different operators work-ing in different laboratories on identical test material would, inthe long run, in the normal and correct operation of the testmethod, exceed the following values only in one case intwenty:Reprod
