ASTM D4531-1986(2002) Standard Test Methods for Bulk Density of Peat and Peat Products《泥炭和泥炭制品的体密度的试验方法》.pdf
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1、Designation: D 4531 86 (Reapproved 2002)Standard Test Methods forBulk Density of Peat and Peat Products1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 4531; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last re
2、vision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 These test methods cover the determination of the bulkdensity of both peat in its natural state and peat products (Note1). T
3、hese test methods consist of defining a volume of peat anddetermining the mass of that specific volume. The difference inthe respective methods is in the procedures employed todetermine the peat volume.NOTE 1Test Method D 2978 is used for specifying the volumerepresented by a quantity of loose proce
4、ssed peat or the volume of a peatbale.1.2 Method AThis method, the core method, covers thedetermination of the bulk density of an undisturbed core of peattaken with a piston sampler or other suitable core sampler(Sections 6 and 7).1.3 Method BThis method, the paraffin wax method,covers the determina
5、tion of the bulk density of undisturbedclods or irregular pieces of wet peat and compressed peatproducts (Sections 8 and 9).1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appr
6、o-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:D 2974 Test Methods for Moisture, Ash, and Organic Mat-ter of Peat and Other Organic Soils2D 2978 Test Method for Volume of Processed Peat Materi-als
7、23. Terminology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 bulk density, rtotal mass (solids plus water) per unitof total volume of a peat at a given moisture condition.3.1.2 dry density, rdmass of dry organic and mineralmatter per unit of total volume of a peat at a given moisturecondition.NOTE 2In many peat science app
8、lications and publications, the termdefined here as “dry density” in accordance with common geotechnicalengineering usage is referred to as “bulk density”. Care is necessary todistinguish which definition is being used when such a term is encoun-tered.4. Significance and Use4.1 These test methods pr
9、ovide uniform procedures fordetermining the bulk density of in situ peat and processed peatproducts. The bulk density is of use in the calculation of in situstresses for engineering analysis and in quantifying the amountof material present when considering peat as a resource. In thelatter case, it i
10、s necessary to consider the moisture condition forwhich the bulk density was determined; a more useful param-eter to consider may well be the dry density, rd.5. Apparatus5.1 Drying OvenA thermostatically controlled dryingoven maintained at a temperature of 105 6 5C.5.2 BalancesBalances sensitive to
11、0.01 g for samples lessthan 100 g, sensitive to 0.1 g for samples between 100 g and1000 g, or sensitive to 1 g for samples over 1000 g.5.3 Moisture Content ContainersSuitable containers forlaboratory moisture content determinations.5.4 Plastic Sample Bags or Sampling Jars.5.5 SamplerPiston sampler o
12、r other suitable coring devicewhich will give a reasonably undisturbed cylindrical sample.NOTE 3Samples taken with the Macaulay type peat sampler aresemicylindrical in shape and relatively undisturbed. They may also beused in this method of determination.5.6 Sharp KnifeAn electric knife or barbers r
13、azor will bebest for laboratory work.5.7 Paraffn Wax, maintained at a temperature between 60and 70C, for use in Method B only.5.8 Graduated Cylinder, for use in Method B only.METHOD ACORE METHOD6. Procedure6.1 Take a representative reasonably undisturbed core ofpeat with a piston sampler or other co
14、ring device.1These test methods are under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D18 on Soiland Rock and are the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D18.22 on Soil as aMedium for Plant Growth.Current edition approved Feb. 24, 1986. Published May 1986.2Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 04.08.1Copyrigh
15、t ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.6.2 With a sharp knife, cut specimens of no less than 50 mmin length from the various layers included in the core. Measureand record the specimen length to the nearest millimetre.6.3 For samples
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