1、Designation: D4532 15Standard Test Method forRespirable Dust in Workplace Atmospheres Using CycloneSamplers1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D4532; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last
2、 revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This test method provides details for the determinationof respirable dust concentration defined in terms of interna-tional
3、 convention in a range from 0.5 to 10 mg/m3inworkplace atmospheres. Specifics are given for sampling andanalysis using any one of a number of commercially availablecyclone samplers.1.2 The limitations on the test method are a minimumweight of 0.1 mg of dust on the filter, and a maximum loadingof 0.3
4、 mg/m2on the filter. The test method may be used athigher loadings if the flow rate can be maintained constant.1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded asstandard. No other units of measurement are included in thisstandard.1.4 This test method contains notes that are explanatory andare n
5、ot part of the mandatory requirements of the method.1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to consult andestablish appropriate safety and health practices and deter-mine the applic
6、ability of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D1356 Terminology Relating to Sampling and Analysis ofAtmospheresD3195 Practice for Rotameter CalibrationD5337 Practice for Flow Rate Adjustment of Personal Sam-pling PumpsD6062 Guide for Personal Samplers of H
7、ealth-RelatedAero-sol FractionsD6552 Practice for Controlling and Characterizing Errors inWeighing Collected AerosolsD7440 Practice for Characterizing Uncertainty in Air Qual-ity MeasurementsE1 Specification for ASTM Liquid-in-Glass ThermometersE2251 Specification for Liquid-in-Glass ASTM Thermom-et
8、ers with Low-Hazard Precision Liquids2.2 Other International Standards:3ISO GUM Guide to the Expression of Uncertainty inMeasurement, ISO Guide 98ISO 7708 Air QualityParticle Size Fraction Definitionsfor Health-Related SamplingISO 13137 Workplace Atmospheres Pumps for PersonalSampling of Chemical an
9、d Biological Agents Require-ments and Test MethodsISO 15767 Workplace AtmospheresControlling and Char-acterizing Errors in Weighing Collected AerosolEN 481 Workplace AtmospheresSize Fraction Definitionsfor the Measurement of Airborne Particles in the Work-placeEN 13205 Workplace AtmospheresAssessmen
10、t of Perfor-mance of Instruments for Measurement of Airborne Par-ticle Concentrations3. Terminology3.1 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard(otherwise, consult Terminology D1356):3.1.1 respirable conventiontarget specification for sam-pling instruments when the respirable fraction is the fr
11、action ofinterest.3.1.2 respirable fractionmass fraction of total airborneparticles which penetrate to the unciliated airways.3.1.3 respirable sampleraerosol sampler that is used tocollect the respirable fraction of airborne particles from thesurrounding air.1This test method is under the jurisdicti
12、on of ASTM Committee D22 on AirQuality and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D22.04 on Workplace AirQuality.Current edition approved Oct. 1, 2015. Published October 2015. Originallyapproved in 1985. Last previous edition approved in 2010 as D4532 10. DOI:10.1520/D4532-15.2For referenced A
13、STM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3Available from American National Standards Institute (ANSI), 25 W. 43rd St.,4
14、th Floor, New York, NY 10036, http:/www.ansi.org.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States13.1.3.1 DiscussionFig. 1 shows the collection efficiencyof an idealized sampler following the internationally-harmonized sampling convent
15、ions of ISO 7708, EN 481,Guide D6062, and Ref. (1).4NOTE 1The definition of the respirable fraction is a compromisebetween previous definitions, available samplers, and the fraction of dustthat penetrates to (rather than deposits in) the alveolar region of the lung.Local legal definitions may differ
16、 from the definition adopted in this testmethod.3.2 For the terms and definitions related to characterizinguncertainty, see ISO GUM and Practice D7440.4. Summary of Test Method4.1 Air is drawn through a cyclone or equivalent samplerfollowed by a tared filter, which is then re-weighed to deter-mine t
17、he mass of respirable dust. The air flow rate and time ofsampling provide the volume from which the dust mass wassampled. A time-weighted average respirable dust concentra-tion is calculated by dividing the mass by the total air volume.NOTE 2Samplers alternative to a cyclone (for example, foam-based
18、 orpersonal cascade impactors) may be used if they have desirable properties(for example, ease of use or uncertainty control) for intended application.Nevertheless, this test method is limited to cyclone samplers.5. Significance and Use5.1 This test method covers the determination of respirabledust
19、concentration in workplace atmospheres.5.2 Variations of the test method are in world-wide use fordetermining compliance relative to occupational exposurelevels.5.3 The test method may be used to verify dust controlmeasures.5.4 The test method may also be applied in research intohealth effects of du
20、st in an occupational setting.6. Apparatus6.1 Sampling UnitThe sampling unit consists of a pump,a sampling head, and tubing connecting the pump and outlet ofthe sampling head. The sampling head consists of a cycloneand a filter assembly.6.1.1 Respirable Dust CycloneVarious types of respirabledust cy
21、clones are commercially available. In general, thesesamplers can be categorized into two groups, high flow ratecyclone samplers (flow rate range 4.2 10 L/min) and mediumflow rate cyclone samplers (flow rate range 1.7 2.75 L/min).High flow rate samplers should be considered for workplaceswhere airbor
22、ne particle concentrations are low (for example,0.05, MMD*GSD 0.5 m):ubias51n(j51nbias2 biasj!2(8)where j labels one of the n (MMD, GSD) pairs.13.2.4.3 Details are presented in Research Report RR:D22-1033 for this standard and indicate that a respirable samplertype can be selected so that conservati
23、vely:ubias5 5% (9)13.2.4.4 This value is then taken as the bias uncertainty forthe purposes of this standard.NOTE 18If a sampler has desirable characteristics, but has biasuncertainty larger than 5 %, then its documented uncertainty replaces theabove value.NOTE 19Compliance agencies generally avoid
24、the bias uncertaintyentirely by adopting a specific single sampler type, rather than theinternational sampling convention.13.3 Combined Standard Uncertainty and Expanded Uncer-tainty:13.3.1 The combined (relative) standard uncertainty (uc)isfound from pooling the uncertainties from each source:uc5 =
25、upump21usampler21uweighing21ubias2! (10)13.3.2 Then finally, the expanded uncertainty (U) is calcu-lated by multiplying the combined standard uncertainty by acoverage factor k:U 5 kuc(11)where typically, k ranges from 2 to 3, but for simplicity thispractice adopts the traditional coverage factor 2.1
26、4. Keywords14.1 air monitoring; respirable dust; sampling and analysis;workplace atmospheresD4532 155REFERENCES(1) Phalen, R. F., Particle size-selective sampling in the workplace,Report of the ACGIH Air Sampling Procedures Committee, AmericanConference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH),
27、Cincinnati, OH, 1985.(2) Lee, T., Kim, S., Chisholm, W. P., Slaven, J. E., and Harper, M.,“Performance of high flow rate samplers for respirable particlecollection,” Annals of Occupational Hygiene, Vol 54, 2010, pp.697709.(3) Stacey, P., Lee, T., Thorpe, A., Roberts, P., Frost, G., and Harper, M.,“C
28、ollection Efficiencies of High Flow Rate Personal RespirableSamplers When MeasuringArizona Road Dust andAnalysis of Quartzby X-ray Diffraction,” Annals of Occupational Hygiene, Vol 58, 2014,pp. 512523.(4) Lee, T., Lee, E., Kim, S., Chisholm, W. P., Kashon, M. L., and Harper,M., “Quartz Measurement i
29、n Coal Dust with High Flow RateSamplers: Laboratory Study,” Annals of Occupational Hygiene,Vol56, 2012, pp. 413425.(5) Bartley, D. L., and Breuer, G. M., “Analysis and Optimization of thePerformance of the 10-mm Cyclone,” American Industrial HygieneAssociation Journal, Vol 43, 1982, pp. 520528.(6) B
30、owman, J. D., Bartley, D. L., Breuer, G. M., Doemeny, L. J., andMurdock, D. J., “Accuracy criteria recommended for the certificationof gravimetric coal mine dust personal samplers,” NTIS Pub. No. PB85-222446, 1984.(7) Saltzman, B. E., “Generalized Performance Characteristics of Minia-ture Cyclones f
31、or Atmospheric Particulate Sampling,” AmericanIndustrial Hygiene Association Journal, Vol 45, 1984, pp. 671680.(8) Higgins, R. I., and Dewell, P., “AGravimetric Size Selecting PersonalDust Sampler,” Inhaled Particles and Vapors II, Davies, C. N., ed.,Pergamon Press, Oxford, 1967, pp. 575586.(9) Bart
32、ley, D. L., Chen, C. C., Song, R., and Fischbach, T. J., “RespirableAerosol Sampler Performance Testing,” American Industrial HygieneAssociation Journal, Vol 55, 1994, pp. 10361046.(10) Gautam, M., and Sreenath, A., “Performance of a RespirableMulti-Cyclone Sampler,” Journal of Aerosol Science, Vol
33、27, 1997,pp.12651281.(11) Harper, M., Fang, C. P., Bartley, D. L., and Cohen, B. S., “Calibra-tion of the SKC, Inc. Aluminum Cyclone for Operation in Accor-dance with ISO/CEN/ACGIH Respirable Aerosol SamplingCriteria,” Journal of Aerosol Science, Vol 29, Suppl. 1, 1998, pp.S347S348.(12) Kenny, L. C.
34、, and Gussman, R. A., “Characterization and Modelingof a Family of Cyclone Aerosol Preseparators,” Journal of AerosolScience, Vol. 28, 1997, pp.677688.(13) Maynard, A. D., and Kenny, L. C., “Performance Assessment ofThree Personal Cyclone Models, using the Aerodynamic ParticleSizer,” Journal of Aero
35、sol Science, Vol 26, 1995, pp. 671684.(14) Liu, B. Y. H., Pui, D. Y. H., and Rubow, K. L., Characteristics of AirSampling Filter Media, Aerosols in the Mining and Industrial WorkEnvironments, Vol 3, Chapter 70, pp. 9891038. V.A. Marple and B.Y. H. Liu, eds., Ann Arbor Science, 230 Collingwood, P. O.
36、 Box1425, Ann Arbor, MI 48106, 1983.(15) Briant, J. K., and Moss, O. R., The Influence of Electrostatic Chargeon the Performance of 10-mm Nylon Cyclones, American IndustrialHygiene Conference, Detroit, MI, 1983.(16) Dobson, L., Reichmann, L., and Popp, D., “Evaluation of QuartzResidue on Cassette In
37、teriors of AIHA Proficiency Samples,” Jour-nal of ASTM International, Vol 2, No. 4, April 2005, Paper IDJAI12229.(17) Demange, M., Gender, J. C., Herve-Bazin, B., Carton, B., andPeltier, A., “Aerosol Evaluation Difficulties due to Particle Deposi-tion on Filter Holder Inner Walls,” Annals of Occupat
38、ional Hygiene,Vol 34, 1990, pp. 399403.(18) Mark, D., “Problems Associated with the Use of Membrane Filtersfor Dust Sampling When Compositional Analysis is Required,”Annals of Occupational Hygiene, Vol 17, 1974, pp. 3540.(19) Blackford, D.B., Harris, G.W., and Revel, G., “The Reduction ofDust Losses
39、 Within the Cassette of the Simpeds Personal DustSampler,” Annals of Occupational Hygiene, Vol 29, 1985, pp.169180.(20) Soo, J., Lee, T., Kashon, M.L., and Harper, M., “Quartz in Coal DustDeposited on Internal Surface of Respirable Size SelectiveSamplers,” Journal of Occupational and Environmental H
40、ygiene,Vol 11, 2014, pp. D215D219.(21) Soo, J., Lee, E., Lee, L., Kashon, M.L., and Harper, M., “Evaluationof Pump Pulsation in Respirable Size-selective Sampling: Part III.Investigation of European Standard Methods,” Annals of Occupa-tional Hygiene, Vol 58, 2014, pp. 10061017.(22) Lee, E., Lee, T.,
41、 Kim, S.W., Lee, L., Flemmer, M., and Harper, M.,“Evaluation of Pump Pulsation in Respirable Size-selective Sam-pling: Part II. Changes in Sampling Efficiency,” Annals of Occupa-tional Hygiene, Vol 58, 2014, pp. 7484.(23) Bartley, D. L., Breuer, G.M., Baron, P.A., and Bowman, J.D., “PumpFluctuations
42、 and Their Effect on Cyclone Performance,” AmericanIndustrial Hygiene Association Journal, Vol 45, 1984, pp. 1018.(24) NIOSH Method 0600, NIOSH Manual of Analytical Methods, eds.Schlecht, P.C., and OConnor, P.F., 4th ed., 3rd Suppl., DHHS(NIOSH) Publication No. 2003-154, 2003.(25) Parobeck, P., Tomb
43、, T., Ku, H., and Cameron J., “MeasurementAssurance Program for the Weighing of Respirable Coal Mine DustSamples,” Journal of Quality Technology, Vol 13, 1981, pp.157165.ASTM International takes no position respecting the validity of any patent rights asserted in connection with any item mentionedin
44、 this standard. Users of this standard are expressly advised that determination of the validity of any such patent rights, and the riskof infringement of such rights, are entirely their own responsibility.This standard is subject to revision at any time by the responsible technical committee and mus
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