1、Designation: D 4564 08Standard Test Method forDensity and Unit Weight of Soil in Place by the SleeveMethod1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 4564; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last
2、 revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope*1.1 This test method covers the determination of the densityof soil in place by the sleeve method.1.2 The sleeve method of d
3、etermining the density of soil inplace is used for cohesionless, granular soils for which othermethods of determining the density (sand cone, test pit, and thelike) may not be practical. Typically, the sleeve method isapplicable for soils that are predominantly fine gravel size,with a maximum of 5 %
4、 fines, and a maximum particle size of34 in. (19.0 mm).NOTE 1There have been other methods developed for testing cohe-sionless soils. Compared to other methods, this procedure is convenientfor field construction control testing because smaller and lighter equip-ment is used and the test can be perfo
5、rmed in a smaller area.1.3 A calibration equation is necessary in the application ofthis test method to obtain a reliable value of the in-placedensity of the soil (see Annex A1). The calibration equation isused to calculate the density of the soil in place from the massof dry soil per inch of test h
6、ole measured by the sleeve method.1.3.1 The calibration equation is predetermined for a par-ticular soil type that is to be tested. When the soil changessignificantly in either gradation or particle angularity, thecalibration equation may have to be adjusted or redefinedbefore the sleeve method can
7、be used.1.3.2 There may be certain soils meeting the general de-scription in 1.2 for which a calibration equation may not beappropriate due to unsatisfactory correlation of the data. Thesleeve method would not be applicable for these soils.1.3.3 There may be certain soils meeting the description in1
8、.2 for which the calibration equation may be applicable onlyfor a certain range of densities. The sleeve method will givereliable values of the density in place only within that range ofdensities.1.4 This test method uses inch-pound units with SI rational-ized units; that is, a combined standard.1.4
9、.1 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound unitsare to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated ineach system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, eachsystem shall be used independently of the other. Combiningvalues from the two systems may result in non-conformancewith t
10、he standard.1.4.2 The converted inch-pound units used the gravitationalsystem of units. In this system, the pound (lbf) represents a unitof force (weight), while the unit for mass is slugs. Theconverted slug unit is not given, unless dynamic (F = ma)calculations are involved.1.4.3 It is common pract
11、ice in the engineering profession toconcurrently use pounds to represent both a unit of mass (lbm)and a unit of force (lbf). This implicitly combines two separatesystems of units; that is, the absolute system and the gravita-tional system. It is scientifically undesirable to combine the useof two se
12、parate sets of inch-pound units within a singlestandard. This standard has been written using the gravitationalsystem of units when dealing with the inch-pound system. Inthis system the pound (lbf) represents a unit of force (weight).However, the use of balances or scales recording pounds ofmass (lb
13、m), or the recording of density in lbm/ft3should not beregarded as nonconformance with this test method.1.5 All observed and calculated values shall conform to theguidelines for significant digits and rounding established inPractice D 6026 unless superseded by this standard.1.5.1 The procedures used
14、 to specify how data are collected,recorded or calculated in this standard are regarded as theindustry standard. In addition they are representative of thesignificant digits that generally should be retained. The proce-dures used do not consider material variation, purpose forobtaining the data, spe
15、cial purpose studies, or any consider-ations for the users objectives; and it is common practice toincrease or reduce significant digits or reported data to becommensurate with these considerations. It is beyond the scopeof this standard to consider significant digits used in analyticalmethods for e
16、ngineering design.1This test method is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee D18 on Soil andRock and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D18.08 on Special andConstruction Control Tests.Current edition approved Feb. 1, 2008. Published February 2008. Originallyapproved in 1986. Last previou
17、s edition approved in 2002 as D 4564 02a.1*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety problems, if an
18、y, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D 653 Terminology Relating to Soil, Rock, and Cont
19、ainedFluidsD 2216 Test Methods for Laboratory Determination of Wa-ter (Moisture) Content of Soil and Rock by MassD 3740 Practice for Minimum Requirements for AgenciesEngaged in the Testing and/or Inspection of Soil and Rockas Used in Engineering Design and ConstructionD 4253 Test Methods for Maximum
20、 Index Density and UnitWeight of Soils Using a Vibratory TableD 4254 Test Methods for Minimum Index Density and UnitWeight of Soils and Calculation of Relative DensityD 4643 Test Method for Determination of Water (Moisture)Content of Soil by Microwave Oven HeatingD 4753 Guide for Evaluating, Selecti
21、ng, and SpecifyingBalances and Standard Masses for Use in Soil, Rock, andConstruction Materials TestingD 4959 Test Method for Determination of Water (Moisture)Content of Soil By Direct HeatingD 6026 Practice for Using Significant Digits in Geotechni-cal DataE 11 Specification for Wire Cloth and Siev
22、es for TestingPurposes3. Terminology3.1 DefinitionsExcept as listed below, all definitions arein accordance with Terminology D 653.3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.2.1 calibration equationrelationship between the den-sity of a soil in place and the mass of dry soil per inch of te
23、sthole, using the sleeve method. A linear relationship betweenthe two values is assumed.4. Summary of Test Method4.1 In this test method, the density is determined byinserting a metal sleeve into the soil to be tested, removing thesoil within the sleeve, and determining the dry mass of soilremoved p
24、er linear inch of the depth of the excavation withinthe sleeve. The mass per inch is related to the dry density of thein-place material using a calibration equation that has beenpredetermined for the particular soil being tested.5. Significance and Use5.1 This test method is used to determine the de
25、nsity ofcohesionless soil used in the construction of earth embank-ments and road fills, or of cohesionless soils used for structurebackfill, bedding and backfill for pipe, or filters. This testmethod is used as the basis for acceptance of soils compactedto a specified density or to a specified rela
26、tive density.5.2 This test method may be useful in determining thedensity of cohesionless soils in a confined or limited spacesince this test method requires less working area than othermethods.5.3 Apredetermined calibration equation is necessary to usethis procedure (see Annex A1). It is assumed th
27、ere is a linearrelationship between the density in place and the mass of drysoil per inch of test hole measured by the sleeve method. Thismay not be true for certain soils or the linear relationship mayexist only for a particular range of densities.5.4 The quality of the results produced by this sta
28、ndard isdependent on the competence of the personnel performing it,and the suitability of the equipment and facilities used.Agencies that meet the criteria of Practice D 3740 are generallyconsidered capable of competent and objective testing. Usersof this standard are cautioned that compliance with
29、PracticeD 3740 does not in itself assure reliable results. Reliable resultsdepend on many factors: Practice D 3740 provides a means ofevaluating some of those factors.6. Apparatus6.1 Sleeve ApparatusThe sleeve apparatus shall consist ofa sleeve base plate, sleeve, measurement plate, and driver. Thea
30、pparatus shall conform to the requirements shown in Fig. 1.6.2 BalancesFor determining the water content, a balanceor scale having a minimum capacity of about 1000 g andmeeting the requirements of Specification D 4753 for a balancefor 0.1-g readability. For the in-place density determination anddeve
31、lopment of the calibration equation, the balances or scalesused must conform to the requirements and principles ofSpecification D 4753.6.3 Drying EquipmentAn oven, in accordance withMethod D 2216, for drying water content samples, and as-sorted dishes and pans.6.4 Miscellaneous EquipmentA shovel, fo
32、r preparing testsurface; nails and hammer for securing sleeve base plate;scoops and spoons for digging test hole; buckets with lids orother suitable containers for retaining the density samplewithout moisture loss; a trisquare or machinists square formeasuring the depth of the density hole; and a ve
33、rnier caliperor inside micrometer caliper to measure the diameter of thesleeve.7. Technical Considerations7.1 Consistency in the gradation and particle angularity ofthe soil being tested is critical to the test. Redetermining thecalibration equation may be required if changes in materialgradation or
34、 particle angularity, or both, occur. The personperforming the test must be aware of the characteristics of thesoil used to determine the calibration equation and evaluatewhether or not the soil being tested is significantly different.7.2 The test is operator sensitive. If accurate test results aret
35、o be achieved, strict adherence to the procedures set forth inthis test method is crucial. In particular, there must beadherence to the following techniques:2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of AS
36、TMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.D45640827.2.1 Rotate the sleeve into the soil in a clockwise directiononly.7.2.2 The sleeve advancement into the soil must follow thepenetration sequence (one-half length of sleeve, three-fourthslength of
37、 sleeve, etc.) determined in the calibration procedure.7.2.3 The sleeve penetration into the soil should be perpen-dicular to the base plate with as little variation as possible.7.2.4 Soil should never be excavated from below the lead-ing edge of the sleeve.NOTE 2Since this test is sensitive to proc
38、edural techniques, operatorexperience in performing in-place density tests is desirable. Trial deter-minations should be performed before using the test procedure as a basisof acceptance for construction control.7.3 Test results are not direct.Acalibration equation must beapplied to the mass of dry
39、soil per inch of test hole to arrive atthe in-place dry density.7.4 The sleeve(s) should be checked periodically for wear(see 8.2.3). If the cutting edge has become dull or damaged, itmay be repaired if the angle and length of the bevel ismaintained.FIG. 1 Density Sleeve ApparatusD45640838. Calibrat
40、ion8.1 Determine the calibration equation in accordance withAnnex A1.8.2 Calibration of the Sleeve:8.2.1 Using either a vernier caliper or inside micrometercaliper, determine the inside diameter of the sleeve just abovethe beveled edge in three locations spaced equally around thecircumference of the
41、 sleeve. If any two measurements differ by0.10 in. (2.5 mm), the sleeve is out of round and should not beused. Repeat this procedure after every 100 tests.8.2.2 If more than one sleeve is to be used to determine thecalibration equation or for measuring the in-place density, thediameter measurements
42、for the sleeves shall not differ morethan 0.05 in. (1.3 mm). There should be some control over theamount of the bevel on sleeves that are going to be usedinterchangeably.8.2.3 If from wear, a diameter measurement shows a 0.05-in. (1.3-mm) difference from the initial measurement, thesleeve(s) should
43、either not be used or a new calibrationequation should be determined. New sleeves shall have diam-eter measurements within 0.05 in. (1.3 mm) of the sleeves usedto determine the calibration equation.8.2.4 Each sleeve shall be permanently identified with sometype of marking on the sleeve.9. Procedure9
44、.1 Prepare a smooth, level working area (Note 3). Place thebase plate on the designated area, making sure there are no airgaps underneath, and nail into place.NOTE 3The working area may need to be at a sufficient depth belowthe surface of the soil to avoid material possibly disturbed by surfacetraff
45、ic.9.1.1 Take care throughout the test procedure not to applypressure on the soil surface adjacent to the base plate whichcould possibly disturb the in-place condition of the soil.Construction or other activity should be stopped in the vicinityof the test to avoid disturbance of the soil by either p
46、ressure orvibration.9.2 Place the beveled edge of the sleeve on the soil surfaceinside the hole in the base plate. Place the driver on the sleeve.Slowly rotate the sleeve in a clockwise direction while pushingthe sleeve into the soil in the exact penetration sequencedetermined in the calibration pro
47、cedure (see Annex A1). Thesleeve penetration into the soil should be perpendicular to thebase plate with as little variation as possible.9.3 Remove the driver and extract material from inside thesleeve, being careful not to disturb soil below the leading edgeof the sleeve. Place the extracted soil i
48、n a moisture-proofcontainer, keeping the container closed as much as possible. Amark placed on the inside of the sleeve, approximately 1 in. (25mm) above the leading edge, can be a very useful reference.Continue rotating and advancing the sleeve and extractingmaterial in the sequence determined in t
49、he calibration proce-dure until the driver rests evenly on the base plate. Neverextract material below the leading edge of the sleeve.9.4 As the full depth of extraction of soil is approached,flatten the bottom of the hole as much as possible whileextracting the soil.9.5 Seal the container with the excavated soil to preserve thein-place water content.9.6 Place the measurement plate on the soil at the bottom ofthe hole and rotate gently to seat the plate. Lift the measure-ment plate and inspect the bottom of the hole for surfaceirregularities. After inspecting and smoothin
