1、Designation: D4577 05 (Reapproved 2010)Standard Test Method forCompression Resistance of a Container Under ConstantLoad1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D4577; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the
2、year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This test method is designed to determine the resistanceof a shipping container to a vertically applied consta
3、nt load foreither a specified time or to failure. The test method may alsobe used for palletized or unitized load configurations.1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of whoever uses this standard to consult
4、andestablish appropriate safety and health practices and deter-mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.For specific precautionary statements, see Section 6.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D642 Test Method for Determining Compressive Resis-tance of Shipping Containers
5、, Components, and UnitLoadsD644 Test Method for Moisture Content of Paper andPaperboard by Oven Drying3D685 Practice for Conditioning Paper and Paper Productsfor Testing3D996 Terminology of Packaging and Distribution Environ-mentsD4332 Practice for Conditioning Containers, Packages, orPackaging Comp
6、onents for TestingD4442 Test Methods for Direct Moisture Content Measure-ment of Wood and Wood-Base MaterialsE122 Practice for Calculating Sample Size to Estimate,With Specified Precision, the Average for a Characteristicof a Lot or Process3. Terminology3.1 DefinitionsGeneral definitions for the pac
7、kaging anddistribution environments are found in Terminology D996.3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.2.1 loadthe force applied to a body, lbf or N.3.2.2 constant loada load that is invariable or unchang-ing.3.2.3 static loadan imposed stationary force, constant inmagnitude, directi
8、on, and sense.4. Significance and Use4.1 In the distribution system for many products there is aphase wherein the packaged product may be stored for a periodof time in a manner such that one or more containers aresuperimposed one upon the other. The bottom package is thuscontinually stressed with a
9、constant load.4.2 This test method subjects a container, empty or filled, toa predetermined static load, and to specified atmosphericconditions, if required.5. Apparatus5.1 The testing apparatus shall be capable of imposing aconstant load on the test specimen and may be hydraulically,pneumatically,
10、or mechanically activated. A test apparatusemploying dead weights to impose the constant load may beused, as in Fig. 1 and Fig. 2. Compression machines may alsobe used, as in Fig. 3 and Fig. 4, and shall contain two platens,or suitable framework and fixturing, one stationary and onemovable in the ve
11、rtical direction. The movable platen may beswiveled (floating) or fixed and should have proper mechani-cal, pneumatic, or hydraulic linkages to permit top-to-bottomloading. If the floor where the test is to be conducted is subjectto severe vibration, it may be necessary to vibration-isolate thetest
12、apparatus. The test device should have a timer formeasuring the period of time required to cause container failure1This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D10 onPackaging and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D10.21 on ShippingContainers and Systems - Application of P
13、erformance Test Methods.Current edition approved Aug. 1, 2010. Published October 2010. Originallyapproved in 1986. Last previous edition approved in 2005 as D4577 05. DOI:10.1520/D4577-05R10.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serv
14、iceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3Withdrawn. The last approved version of this historical standard is referencedon www.astm.org.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Con
15、shohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.and means such as a dial indicator to measure box deformation(inches or millimetres) while under load, or an autographicrecording device that records load and deformation over aperiod of time.5.2 Closing Equipment for Fiberboard BoxesWhenempty boxes are to be
16、tested, suitable closing facilities such assealing boards and proper adhesive for closing the flaps of boxspecimens shall be used. See Test Method D642.5.3 Conditioning ApparatusAdequate facilities shall beprovided to maintain a conditioned atmosphere of temperatureand humidity as required for the p
17、urpose of the test.5.4 Miscellaneous EquipmentDrying oven, scales, knife,saws, etc., for use in determination of the moisture content orfor making other supplementary tests of the materials fromwhich the containers are made. When testing unit loads, it isrecommended that an empty pallet be placed on
18、 top of the unitload test specimen to achieve conditions similar to actual use.6. Safety Precautions6.1 Performance of a test should never be consideredwithout regard to safety. Some apparent precautions againstinjuries are:6.1.1 Care and caution should be observed while placing theshipping containe
19、r filled or unfilled on the testing apparatus.6.1.2 The testing apparatus should have load arrestors orsafety interlocks to prevent complete crushing of the containerafter initial failure.FIG. 1 Containers Under Constant Load of Dead Weights Imposed by Other ContainersD4577 05 (2010)26.1.3 When usin
20、g dead weights, caution should be takenwhen loading and unloading the weights from the apparatus.7. Test Specimens and Number of Tests7.1 The containers being tested shall be complete in allrespects. Depending on the purpose of the test, interior packingmay or may not be included. No related bracing
21、 material withinthe boxes that will give false results as to sample behavior shallbe used. Tests may be made on containers with or withoutcontents as prescribed. Packed containers should be closed andsecured in the same manner as will be used in preparing themfor shipment (for example, tape, strappi
22、ng).7.2 Performance normally should be based on tests of notfewer than five representative specimens of a given size andtype of container. For large production runs, lot sampling isadvised. Application of Practice E122 is suggested.7.3 For testing unitized loads, multiple specimens are rec-ommended
23、but a single specimen is permissable.8. Closing Fiberboard Containers Using Adhesive8.1 Close the box specimen so as to avoid distortions thatmay affect its loadbearing ability. The method of preparing thetest specimen as described in the Annex of Test Method D642will accomplish this, but any method
24、 that will produce thesame results may be used.9. Conditioning9.1 When required, the container should be conditioned forthe static load test by exposure to fixed or controlled variableconditions of temperature and humidity.9.1.1 Where applicable, a special atmosphere selected fromthose specified in
25、Practice D4332 may be used.9.2 The test container shall be preconditioned in the desiredatmosphere for such a time as is necessary to bring thecontainer into equilibrium with that atmosphere and using thetechniques given in Practice D685.FIG. 2 Container Under Constant Load of Dead WeightsD4577 05 (
26、2010)310. Acceptance Criteria10.1 Acceptance criteria must be established prior to testingand should consider the required condition of the product atreceipt. The organizations conducting the test may choose anyacceptance criteria suitable for their purpose. It is advisable tocompare test results fr
27、om proposed containers with the testresults on similar containers whose shipping history is known.10.2 In many cases, the acceptance criteria of a package thathas been subjected to the test plan can be one of the following:Criterion 1Product is damage-free.Criterion 2Package is intact.Other acceptan
28、ce criteria, including provision for acceptingminimal damage to the product or package, may be indicated.Acceptance criteria may include a provision for the conditionof package. The form and content of acceptance criteria mayvary widely, according to the particular situation. Criteria mayrange from
29、the most rudimentary to highly quantitative scoringor analysis systems.11. Procedure11.1 Prior to test, select the constant load to which thecontainer will be subjected. The selection may be based on:11.1.1 The load to which a bottom container will besubjected to in storage, for example, warehouse.1
30、1.1.2 A percentage of the value obtained by Test MethodD642 on a similar container.NOTE 1For corrugated containers, the work of Kellicutt and Landt4may be used as a guide to the selection of the percentage but at no timeshould the load exceed 85 % of the test value derived by Method D642testing.11.2
31、 When using a compression machine (Fig. 3 and Fig. 4),center the specimen on the bottom platen of the testingapparatus so as not to incur eccentric loading. Induce the testload on the specimen. The load shall be slowly applied at a nearuniform rate until the container supports the entire load. Whenu
32、sing dead weights (Fig. 1 and Fig. 2), this is accomplished bylowering the support jacks and completely freeing the upperplaten.11.3 For a controlled fixture on a compression machine, setit to a constant load control mode. The timing device is thenstarted. An initial observation and record of zero d
33、eformationshall begin at the end of 60 s after full load to establishbase-time reference.Additional observations will be made after5 min, 10 min, 30 min, 60 min, and 2 h. Thereafter, observa-tions and reading of deformation shall be made at predeter-mined intervals, until the specified test period i
34、s over, or thecontainer fails.11.4 Moisture Content (When Specified):4Kellicut, K. Q., and Landt, E. F., “Safe Stacking Life of Corrugated Boxes,”Fibre Containers, Vol 36, No. 9, Sept. 1951.FIG. 3 Container Under Constant Load in Compression Test Machine With Fixed PlatenD4577 05 (2010)411.4.1 Fiber
35、board ContainersDetermine the moisturecontent of fiberboard at the end of the test in accordance withTest Method D644.11.4.2 Wood Container Determine the moisture contentof wood at the end of the test in accordance with Test MethodsD4442.12. Calculation12.1 This test produces time-to-failure data th
36、at does notconform to the normal or Gaussian distribution: The logarithmsof the data, natural or common, do tend to be normallydistributed. Before analysis, transform the data using thefollowing equation:C 5 log D (1)where:C = transformed datum, andD = observed datum.FIG. 4 Unitized Load Under Const
37、ant Load in Compression Machine With Swivel (Floating) PlatenD4577 05 (2010)512.2 The arithmetic mean of the transformed data is therecommended measure of central tendency. The antilog of thisaverage is a median estimate for the observed data.12.3 The standard deviation of the transformed data is th
38、erecommended measure of variability or dispersion. Statisticalcalculations should use this standard deviation directly, withouttransforming it to observed units of time. The antilogs of upperand lower confidence limits will be in observed units of timeand will not be symmetrical about the median est
39、imate. (SeeAnnex A1.)NOTE 2Calculations based on the Weibull distribution are an accept-able alternative to these procedures. (See Annex A2.)13. Report13.1 The report shall include the following:13.1.1 Dimensions of the container under test; its completestructural specifications; kind of material; d
40、escription andspecification of blocking and cushioning if used; spacing, size,and kind of fasteners; method of closing; and net and grossmass.13.1.2 Description of the contents of the container, if any.13.1.3 Acceptance criteria that have been established.13.1.4 A detailed report of the test on each
41、 container,including damage to the container and contents, together withany observations that may assist in correctly interpretingresults, or aid in improving the design of the container.13.1.5 A graph or table showing the deflection versus timefor each test.13.1.6 The method of conditioning the con
42、tainer includingthe temperature and relative humidity of the conditioningatmosphere, the moisture content of the material (whereapplicable), and the results of any supplementary test of thematerials from which the container was made.13.1.7 Report the number of containers tested, and themean, and sta
43、ndard deviation in transformed units, and themedian estimate in observed units of time.13.1.8 The compression test results from Method D642.13.1.9 Astatement to the effect that all tests were performedin full compliance with this test method noting any variations.Report which option of test apparatu
44、s was used, dead weight orcompression machine. Report which option of movable load-ing platen was used for compression machines, swiveled(floating) or fixed.14. Precision and Bias14.1 PrecisionThe subcommittee has conducted an analy-sis of the data based on limited testing by one laboratory. Thesewe
45、re top loaded empty regular slotted corrugated containerstested until failure with the time to failure reported in days. Thewithin-laboratory repeatability standard deviation of the com-mon (base 10) logarithms of the days to failure was 0.336.Repeatability may depend on the specific container and c
46、on-ditions of testing. Some packages may be expected to be higheror lower than this. The between-laboratory reproducibilityprecision has not been determined. Information on use of creepdata for predicting container failure is also available.5,614.2 BiasNo justifiable statement can be made on the bia
47、sof this test method since a true or absolute value cannot beestablished by an accepted reference method.15. Keywords15.1 compression test; creep test; duration of load; packag-ing; shipping container; shipping unit; stacking life; storageenvironmentANNEXES(Mandatory Information)A1. EXAMPLE OF CALCU
48、LATIONS BASED ON LOGARITHMIC CONVERSIONA1.1 The following example demonstrates the method ofcalculation for time-to-failure data described in the testmethod. If ten identical containers were tested with the sameload, some variation in the times-to-failure for the containerswould be expected. For exa
49、mple, a set of ten data points mightbe: 5.26, 13.56, 6.74, 16.03, 25.23, 11.43, 1.84, 10.97, 13.18,and 8.08 days to failure. It is convenient to list the time tofailure (Y) in one column and its logarithm (X) in anothercolumn as shown below:YX= log(Y)5.26 days 0.7213.56 1.136.74 0.8316.03 1.20YX= log(Y)25.23 1.4011.43 1.061.84 0.2610.97 1.0413.18 1.128.08 0.91Standard statistical calculations are conducted on the logdata (X), which are assumed to be from a normally distributedpopulation. For this example, the average (arithmetic mean)and the sample standard devi
