1、Designation: D4580/D4580M 12 (Reapproved 2018)Standard Practice forMeasuring Delaminations in Concrete Bridge Decks bySounding1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D4580/D4580M; the number immediately following the designation indicates theyear of original adoption or, in the case of
2、revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of lastreapproval. A superscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This practice covers procedures for surveying concretebridge decks by sounding to determine dela
3、minations in theconcrete. It is not intended that the procedures described hereinare to be used on bridge decks that have been overlaid withbituminous mixtures. The procedures may be used on bridgedecks that have been overlaid with portland cement concretemixtures; however, areas indicated to be del
4、aminated may havea lack of bond between the overlay and the underlying bridgedeck (Note 1).NOTE 1The influence of variable field conditions such as traffic noise,vibration, moisture content of the concrete, and the like, are not com-pletely known and additional investigation may be needed. It is gen
5、erallyagreed that the practice should not be used on frozen concrete.1.2 The following three procedures are covered in thispractice:1.2.1 Procedure A, Electro-Mechanical Sounding DeviceThis procedure uses an electric-powered tapping device, sonicreceiver, and recorder mounted on a cart. The cart is
6、pushedacross the bridge deck and delaminations are recorded on therecorder.1.2.2 Procedure B, Chain DragThis procedure consists ofdragging a chain over the bridge deck surface. The detection ofdelaminations is accomplished by the operator noting dull orhollow sounds. Tapping the bridge deck surface
7、with a steel rodor hammer may be substituted for the chain drag.1.2.3 Procedure C, Rotary Percussion2This procedureconsists of rolling a dual-wheel, multi-toothed apparatus at-tached to an extension pole over the bridge deck surface. Thepercussive force caused by the tapping wheels will create eithe
8、ra dull or hollow sound, indicating any delamination.1.3 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound unitsare to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated ineach system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, eachsystem shall be used independently of the other. Combiningvalues fr
9、om the two systems may result in nonconformancewith the standard.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety, health, and environmental practices and de
10、ter-mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.5 This international standard was developed in accor-dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-ization established in the Decision on Principles for theDevelopment of International Standards, Guides and Recom-mend
11、ations issued by the World Trade Organization TechnicalBarriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.2. Significance and Use2.1 This practice may be used in conjunction with othermethods in determining the general condition of concretebridge decks.2.2 This practice may be used in determining specific areasof de
12、lamination requiring repair.PROCEDURE A ELECTRO-MECHANICALSOUNDING DEVICE3. Summary of Procedure3.1 Longitudinal lines at a predetermined spacing are estab-lished on the bridge deck.3.2 After calibration, the sounding device is pushed alongthe established lines. Electrically powered tapping wheels e
13、mitvibrations into the deck that are sensed by sonic receivers.Areas of delamination are indicated by deflections on a stripchart recorder.3.3 All portions on the strip chart indicating delaminationsare plotted on a scaled map of the bridge deck. An outline ismade showing the areas of delamination.1
14、This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D04 on Road andPaving Materials and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D04.32 onBridges and Structures.Current edition approved April 1, 2018. Published April 2018. Originallyapproved in 1986. Last previous edition approved in 2012
15、as D4580/D4580M 12.DOI: 10.1520/D4580_D4580M-12R18.2The rotary sound detecting device for concrete and procedure are patentpending in the US Patent and Trademark Office by Philip K. Clark Company, Inc.,503 Central Drive, Suite 102, Virginia Beach, VA 23454. Interested parties areinvited to submit in
16、formation regarding the identification of an alternative(s) to thispatent pending item to ASTM International Headquarters, 100 Barr Harbor Drive,PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. Your comments will receivecareful consideration at a meeting of the responsible technical subcommittee,1whic
17、h you may attend.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United StatesThis international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for theDev
18、elopment of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.14. ApparatusNOTE 2The apparatus described here has been found suitable and isthe most common type commercially available. Other apparatuses that donot e
19、xactly conform to these requirements, such as sounding device,tapping rate, or sonic receivers, may also be accepted.4.1 Electro-Mechanical Sounding DeviceA small, three-wheeled cart upon which is mounted a 12-V battery, twotapping wheels, two sonic receivers, a two-channel-striprecorder, and associ
20、ated connectors and cables.4.1.1 Tapping WheelsTwo rigid steel tapping wheels ca-pable of tapping the bridge deck surface at the rate of 33times/s. The tapping wheels shall be located approximately152 mm 6 in. apart.4.1.2 Sonic ReceiversTwo sonic receivers consisting ofoil-filled soft tires, inside
21、each of which a receiving transduceris mounted in nonrotating proximity to the concrete surface.The transducers shall be piezo-electric hydrophones that arecoupled to the concrete surface through the soft tires and the oilwithin the wheels. Each receiving wheel shall be locatedapproximately 76 mm 3
22、in. outside of and parallel to itscorresponding tapping wheel.4.1.3 Strip Chart RecorderA two-channel strip chart re-corder shall be capable of receiving the signals from the sonicreceivers. The electronics unit shall accept only those portionsof the signal that occur during the first 3 ms after the
23、occurrence of a tap and further limit the recorder to respondonly to those frequency components of the signal that lies inthe range of 300 to 1200 Hz. The processed signals shall berectified and integrated to produce a visual record on therespective channels of the record chart. The chart shall bedr
24、iven in proportion to the distance traveled so that the lengthof the record represents a predetermined length of travel. Therecording pen on one channel shall be capable of acting as anevent marker.4.1.4 Cables and ConnectorsThere shall be sufficientcables and connectors for connection of the left t
25、apping wheelsonic receiver system to the left channel of the strip chartrecorder and the right tapping wheel sonic receiver system tothe right channel of the strip chart recorder.4.2 Measuring Tape, Markers, StringlineA measuringtape, markers, and stringline shall be provided for establishinglines o
26、n the bridge deck that will serve to keep the soundingdevice positioned properly while making the survey.4.3 CalibratorA solid aluminum bar capable of checkingthe operational system of the sounding device.5. Calibration5.1 Place the device on the calibrator bar in the ON positionwith the chart drive
27、 operating. This will establish the electricalzero line.5.2 With the calibration switch in the CALIBRATEposition, turn on the power, transmitter, and chart driveswitches. Each of the recorder pens should trace a rather erraticline approximately half-way between the maximum pen move-ment and the elec
28、trical zero line. This line may vary one or twomajor divisions as a result of normal variations in the responseof the system to the aluminum bar. If the response line does notfall as described, then each channel shall be adjusted with theappropriate calibration adjustment control.6. Bridge Deck Layo
29、ut6.1 Any accumulation of debris on the deck shall beremoved.6.2 Beginning at a curb face, mark each end of the bridge atthe interval chosen for making the survey.NOTE 3Various spacing intervals such as 38.1 cm 15 in., 45.7 cm18 in., and 91.4 cm 3 ft have been used. The closer spacings arerecommende
30、d for an in-depth analysis of the bridge deck. The widerspacing intervals are suitable for general-condition surveys of bridgedecks.7. Test Procedure7.1 Stretch the stringline between corresponding marks oneach end of the bridge.7.2 With the switch in the operate position and the powerand transmitte
31、r switches on, push the sounding device at anormal walking speed over the bridge deck. The device shall becentered over the stringline. Continue in this manner until theentire deck has been surveyed.7.3 Mark the ends of the bridge, expansion devices, and soforth by activating the event marker.8. Dat
32、a Interpretation and Plotting8.1 Construct a scaled map of the deck surface.8.2 Plot the limits of all portions of each trace indicating adelamination. A delamination is considered a trace deflectionof four or more minor chart divisions above the normalbackground response.8.3 Connect the limits of t
33、hese plots and outline the indi-vidual delaminated areas.8.4 Determine the total area contained in the individualdelaminated areas.8.5 Divide the total delaminated area by the total bridgedeck area and multiply times 100 to yield the percent of deckarea delaminated.PROCEDURE B CHAIN DRAG9. Summary o
34、f Procedure9.1 A grid system is laid out on the bridge deck.9.2 Chains are dragged over the deck surface. Delaminatedareas are those where a dull or hollow sound from the chaindragging operation is apparent.9.3 Delaminated areas are outlined on the deck surface. Amap is prepared indicating the locat
35、ion of delaminations withrespect to the grid lines.10. Apparatus10.1 Chains, Steel Rods, or HammersAcceptable sizesand configurations of chains, steel rods, or hammers are thosethat produce a clear ringing sound when dragged or tappedover nondelaminated concrete and a dull or hollow sound overdelami
36、nated concrete. A common chain drag configurationD4580/D4580M 12 (2018)2consists of four or five segments of 25-mm 1-in. link chain of6-mm 14-in. diameter steel approximately 45.7 cm 18 in.long, attached to a 61-cm 2-ft piece of aluminum or coppertube to which a 61- to 91.4-cm 2- to 3-ft piece of tu
37、bing, forthe handle, is attached to the midpoint, forming a T. Steel rods16 mm by 121.9 cm 58 in. by 4 ft, or larger, have been foundto produce satisfactory results.NOTE 4Heavier chains have generally been shown to produce a moredefinitive sound under heavy traffic conditions.10.2 Measuring Tape, Ma
38、rkers, and StringlineA measur-ing tape, markers, and stringline shall be provided for estab-lishing a grid system on the bridge deck. Markers such as spraypaint or lumber crayon shall be used to outline delaminatedareas on the deck surface.11. Bridge Deck Layout11.1 Any accumulation of debris on the
39、 deck shall beremoved.11.2 Construct a grid system on the deck surface with alumber crayon so that delaminated areas marked on the deckcan be plotted easily on a map by referencing the areas to thegrid.12. Test Procedure12.1 Survey the entire bridge deck by dragging the chains ortapping with the ste
40、el rod or hammer over the entire surface.On nondelaminated concrete, a clear ringing sound will beheard. A dull or hollow sound is emitted when delaminatedconcrete is encountered.12.2 Mark the areas of delamination on the deck surfacewith the spray paint or lumber crayon.13. Plotting13.1 Construct a
41、 scaled map of the deck surface.13.2 By referencing to the established grid system on thedeck, plot the areas of delamination on the map.13.3 Determine the total area contained in the individualdelaminated areas.13.4 Divide the total delaminated area by the total bridgedeck area and multiply by 100
42、to yield the percent of deck areadelaminated.PROCEDURE C ROTARY PERCUSSION14. Summary of Procedure14.1 A grid system is laid out on the bridge deck, verticalstructural support, or the underside of the bridge structure.14.2 A rotary percussive device is rolled over the bridgedeck, vertical structural
43、 member, or the underside of the bridgedeck. Delaminated areas are those areas where a dull or hollowsound is created from the rotary percussion units striking thesurface.14.3 Delaminated areas are outlined on the bridge deckssurface, vertical structural surface, or on the underside of thebridge dec
44、k surface. A map (or field schematic) is preparedindicating the locations of the delaminations with respect to thegrid lines or their proximity to permanent structural elements.15. Apparatus15.1 Rotary Percussion Sounding DeviceA T-shaped de-vice with two rotary percussion units, which spin when rol
45、ledover a concrete surface. The device is either handheld orattached to an extension pole to reach the overhead surfaces ofstructural members or the underside of the bridge deck surface.As the rotary percussion sounding device is rolled over thesurface, the two percussion units strike the surface wi
46、thsufficient force to create either a clear ringing sound whenpassing over solid concrete or a dull or hollow sound whenpassing over delaminated concrete.15.2 Rotary Percussion UnitsTwo hardened steel, 15-point percussion units are fit onto an axle and are capable ofbeing rolled over the surface to
47、be tested to strike the concretesurface sufficiently to generate the hollow sound indicative ofdelaminated concrete.15.3 Extension PoleThe rotary percussion device is at-tached to a telescoping extension pole to reach the surface to betested, either the top slab deck or an overhead structuralmember.
48、15.4 Measuring Wheel, Markers, and String LineA mea-suring wheel adapted to fit a telescoping extension pole.Lumber crayons, spray paint markers, and string line shall beused to establish a grid system so that the delaminated areascan be accurately recorded.16. Bridge Deck Layout16.1 Any accumulatio
49、n of debris on the deck shall beremoved.16.2 Construct a grid system on the deck surface, verticalstructure member, or the underside of the bridge deck withchalk line, lumber crayon, or by the test areas proximity tofixed structural components. Plot the areas on the field sheet.17. Test Procedure17.1 Survey the entire deck surface or overhead structuralmember by rolling the rotary percussion device over the entiresurface. On nondelaminated concrete, a clear ringing soundwill be heard. A dull or hollow sound will indicate delaminatedc
